{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:01:18Z","timestamp":1787724078718,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Federation of Immunological Societies","award":["Eastern Star award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Eastern Star award"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes, leading to vision impairment and blindness. The pathogenesis of DR involves multiple factors, including hyperglycemia-induced vascular damage, hypertension, obesity, anemia, immune dysregulation, and disruption of the blood\u2013retinal barrier (BRB). Th17 and Treg cells, two types of CD4+ T cells, play opposing roles in inflammation. Th17 cells are pro-inflammatory, producing cytokines such as IL-17A, while Treg cells help suppress immune responses and promote anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies highlight the importance of the Th17\/Treg balance in retinal inflammation and disease progression in DR. Our literature review reveals an imbalance in DR, with increased Th17 activity and reduced Treg function. This shift creates a pro-inflammatory environment in the retina, worsening vascular leakage, neovascularization, and vision loss. The limited infiltration of Treg cells suggests that Th17 cells may uniquely infiltrate the retina by overwhelming or outnumbering Tregs or increasing the expression of recruiting chemokines, rather than only taking advantage of a damaged BRB. Therapeutic strategies, such as neutralizing IL-17A and enhancing Treg function with compounds like IL-35 or curcumin, may reduce inflammation and retinal damage. Restoring the balance between Th17 and Treg cells could provide new approaches for treating DR by controlling inflammation and preventing further retinal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:22:52Z","timestamp":1741350172000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Role of Th17\/Treg Axis in Retinal Pathology Associated with Diabetes and Treatment Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4186-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel-Edwar","family":"Mickael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8958-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norwin","family":"Kubick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kreshnik","family":"Miftari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Str. \u201cGeorge Bush\u201d, No. 31, 10 000 Prishtine, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw Olav","family":"Horba\u0144czuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atanas G.","family":"Atanasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"},{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korona","family":"Bin\u00e7e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Str. \u201cGeorge Bush\u201d, No. 31, 10 000 Prishtine, Kosovo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Religa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6977-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Sacharczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Post\u0119pu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u0141awi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Gastroenterology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., and Chen, B. 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