{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:46:39Z","timestamp":1787903199874,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology","award":["FENU-2023-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENU-2023-0014"]}]},{"name":"South Ural State University","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}]},{"name":"South Ural State University","award":["FENU-2023-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENU-2023-0014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric condition characterized by persistent behavioral and neurobiological alterations following trauma. Although rodent models are commonly used to study PTSD, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their genetic similarity to humans, conserved stress response systems, and high-throughput capabilities. This systematic review evaluates 33 experimental studies on zebrafish PTSD models, focusing on behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular outcomes. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS\/UCS) paradigms of 14\u201315 days were identified as the most reliable for inducing PTSD-like phenotypes, consistently resulting in anxiety-like behaviors, cortisol dysregulation, and gene expression changes. In contrast, acute stress models produced transient effects, and social defeat paradigms showed methodological variability. Chronic models frequently demonstrated neurotransmitter imbalances, oxidative stress, and upregulation of inflammatory and neuroplasticity-related genes. However, the literature revealed challenges, including protocol heterogeneity, limited sex-specific analyses, and constraints in longitudinal biomarker tracking. Future directions include epigenetic profiling, environmental standardization, and cross-species validation. When used with methodological rigor, zebrafish offer a powerful and translationally relevant platform to study PTSD mechanisms and screen novel interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14050456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T12:04:33Z","timestamp":1745409873000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental PTSD Models in Zebrafish: A Systematic Review of Behavioral, Neurochemical, and Molecular Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Sarapultsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian\u2013Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervo-maiskaya street, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenii","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervo-maiskaya street, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"},{"name":"China-Russia Medical Research Center for Stress Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Komelkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian\u2013Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Asmakh, M., and Bawadi, H. 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