{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1793650273924,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["IRN AP22786933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN AP22786933"]}]},{"name":"Committee of Science of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["2024\u20132026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\u20132026"]}]},{"name":"\u201cImpact of Technogenic Radiation Factors on the Development of Tumor and Non-Tumor Bronchopulmonary Diseases in the Population of Northern Kazakhstan Based on Molecular-Genetic Analysis\u201d","award":["IRN AP22786933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRN AP22786933"]}]},{"name":"\u201cImpact of Technogenic Radiation Factors on the Development of Tumor and Non-Tumor Bronchopulmonary Diseases in the Population of Northern Kazakhstan Based on Molecular-Genetic Analysis\u201d","award":["2024\u20132026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\u20132026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radon is an inert gas produced by the radioactive decay of uranium-238, commonly found in the environment. Radon and its decay products are the main sources of human exposure to radiation from natural sources. When inhaled, radon\u2019s alpha particles impact lung tissue, potentially causing lung cancer by damaging DNA and altering oxidative processes. This review article addresses the need for a deeper understanding of the genetic and molecular changes associated with radon-induced lung cancer, aiming to clarify key genetic mutations and protein markers linked to carcinogenesis. Particular attention in recent studies has been given to mutations in tumor suppressor genes (RASSF1, TP53), oncogenes (KRAS, EGFR), and changes in the expression levels of protein biomarkers associated with inflammation, stress, and apoptosis. Identifying these markers is critical for developing effective screening methods for radon-induced lung cancer, enabling timely identification of high-risk patients and supporting effective preventive strategies. Summarizing current genetic and protein biomarkers, this review highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to studying radon-induced carcinogenesis. Understanding these molecular mechanisms could ultimately improve early diagnostic methods and enhance therapy for cancers associated with radon exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14050506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T05:54:43Z","timestamp":1746510883000},"page":"506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Radon Exposure and Cancer Risk: Assessing Genetic and Protein Markers in Affected Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yerlan","family":"Kashkinbayev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baglan","family":"Kazhiyakhmetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nursulu","family":"Altaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meirat","family":"Bakhtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2075-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Tarlykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for the Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1791-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Saifulina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moldir","family":"Aumalikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1640-1728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danara","family":"Ibrayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5390-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidos","family":"Bolatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) (2014). 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