{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:18:45Z","timestamp":1790446725754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"the Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado (SIP) del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20240377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240377"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: T. rubrum is the most important agent in tinea pedis, tinea manuum, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and even in subcutaneous dermatophytosis. T. rubrum must overcome several obstacles to adhere, grow, and invade the host, for which their virulence factors are important. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of T. rubrum strains to produce proteases, phospholipases, hemolysins, and elastases. The aim of this work was the genotypic identification of clinical isolates of T. rubrum to subsequently determine production of the main phenotypic virulence factors associated with this pathogen responsible for different types of dermatophytosis in Mexican patients. (2) Methods: Twenty samples of T. rubrum were obtained from different body parts of patients treated in the Mycology section. The colonies were transferred to specific agars to analyze the production of phenotypical virulence factors (lipase, phospholipase, hemolysin, and elastase). (3) Results: Almost all the strains of T. rubrum showed growth in the test culture medium. A significantly smaller size of the halo diameter of elastase (26.51 \u00b1 11.95 mm) in comparison to lipase (59.51 \u00b1 16.00 mm) and phospholipase (55.97 \u00b1 19.60 mm) was measured. Additionally, a significantly reduced size of the halo diameter of hemolysin (42.01 \u00b1 5.49 mm) was observed compared to lipase. When comparing the virulence factors, greater expression of lipase was observed, followed by phospholipase, hemolysins, and elastase. T. rubrum strains were classified as being between high and ultra-lipase producers; most of the strains were also considered low producers of phospholipase and hemolysins; and most of the strains (n = 13) were classified as non-producers of elastase. (4) Conclusions: Almost all the T. rubrum strains of the study were found to be ultra-producers of lipase, and low producers of hemolysins and phospholipases. Elastase was the least expressed virulence factor in these strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14060661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1749457354000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trichophyton rubrum Phenotypic Virulence Factors in Mexican Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4800-0148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Conde-Cuevas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda de Agentes Pat\u00f3genos, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Erika","family":"Fuentes-Venado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina F\u00edsica y Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Hospital General de Zona No 197, Texcoco 56108, Mexico"},{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2992-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Micolog\u00eda, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Fr\u00edas-De-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca, Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal M\u00e9xico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0906-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Moreno-Couti\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Micolog\u00eda, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Esther","family":"Ocharan-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice D.","family":"Farfan-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioqu\u00edmica, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Pinto-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y D\u00edaz Mir\u00f3n s\/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcald\u00eda Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Sa\u00fade-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-024-00909-3","article-title":"Milosevic Dermatophytes: Update on Clinical Epidemiology and Treatment","volume":"189","author":"Barac","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitencourt, T.A., Neves-da-Rocha, J., Martins, M.P., Sanches, P.R., Lang, E.A.S., Bortolossi, J.C., Rossi, A., and Martinez-Rossi, N.M. (2021). 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