{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T06:40:43Z","timestamp":1779000043620,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspergillus spp., particularly A. fumigatus, are increasingly reported as emerging pathogens in cetaceans, yet their clinical and ecological relevance remains poorly characterized. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 34 studies involving 106 animals, identifying respiratory, neurological, and otic infections as the most frequent presentations with potential interspecies tropism. Invasive disease, frequently fatal, was linked to co-infections\u2014especially with morbillivirus\u2014and environmental stressors such as pollution- and climate-related immune suppression. Despite cetaceans\u2019 role as sentinel species, antifungal susceptibility testing and species-level identification were inconsistently performed. Additionally, azole-resistant A. fumigatus strains were isolated from wild porpoises, indicating environmental antifungal exposure and potential public health implications. Aspergillosis remains underdiagnosed in free-ranging populations, particularly in remote or pelagic species. Conservation implications were scarcely addressed, despite evidence suggesting that fungal disease may contribute to morbidity, stranding, and population impact. This review underscores the need for enhanced surveillance, integrative diagnostics, and recognition of fungal pathogens in a One Health framework. The growing intersection of climate change, emerging mycoses, and wildlife conservation positions Aspergillus infections in cetaceans as both a marine mammal health concern and an ecological indicator of broader environmental changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14060664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T08:22:34Z","timestamp":1749457354000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Aspergillus Infections in Cetaceans: A Systematic Review of Clinical, Ecological, and Conservation Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Garcia-Bustos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Rosario Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta Dafne","family":"Cabanero-Navalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-8092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosie S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaheed Karl","family":"Macgregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinto Kunjamma","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Aznar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Gozalbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Science Park, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0397-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Acosta-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3354\/meps158267","article-title":"Role of marine mammals in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"158","author":"Bowen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2012.03.003","article-title":"The role of large marine vertebrates in the assessment of the quality of pelagic marine ecosystems","volume":"77","author":"Fossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiszka, J.J., Woodstock, M.S., and Heithaus, M.R. (2022). Functional roles and ecological importance of small cetaceans in aquatic ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.803173"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simeone, C.A., Gulland, F.M., Norris, T., and Rowles, T.K. (2015). A systematic review of changes in marine mammal health in North America, 1972\u20132012: The need for a novel integrated approach. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142105"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810388525","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health","volume":"48","author":"Bossart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02101","article-title":"Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors","volume":"86","author":"Raga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, L., Akkaya, A., Arcangeli, A., Gauffier, P., Mazzariol, S., Vighi, M., and Carlucci, R. (2024). Risks, threats, and conservation status of cetaceans in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Front. Mar. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1364527"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716664761","article-title":"Coinfection by Cetacean morbillivirus and Aspergillus fumigatus in a juvenile bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"28","author":"Cassle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03190","article-title":"Occlusive mycotic tracheobronchitis and systemic alphaherpesvirus coinfection in a free-living striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in Italy","volume":"127","author":"Grattarola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-06-143","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis and other systemic mycoses of marine mammals stranding along the central California, USA coast: 1998\u20132012","volume":"51","author":"Huckabone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349364","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/349364","article-title":"Candida albicans and C. tropicalis isolates from the expired breathes of captive dolphins and their environments in an aquarium","volume":"2010","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.03.016","article-title":"Climate change, animals, and Candida auris: Insights into the ecological niche of a new species from a One Health approach","volume":"29","author":"Salavert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.08.081","article-title":"Risk factors for invasive Candida infection in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"Schlattmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Enfert, C., Kaune, A.K., Alaban, L.R., Chakraborty, S., Cole, N., Delavy, M., Kosmala, D., Marsaux, B., Fr\u00f3is-Martins, R., and Morelli, M. (2021). The impact of the fungus-host-microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: Current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 45.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa060"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1975.167.07.533","article-title":"Common diseases of small cetaceans","volume":"167","author":"Sweeney","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matteucci, G., Biancani, B., and Binanti, D. (2022). P477 In vitro synergy of combination therapy against antifungal-resistant Candida spp. isolated from captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Med. Mycol., 60.","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac072.P477"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812446153","article-title":"Occlusive fungal tracheitis in 4 captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"50","author":"Delaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilela, R., de Hoog, S., Bensch, K., Bagagli, E., and Mendoza, L. (2023). A taxonomic review of the genus Paracoccidioides, with focus on the uncultivable species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011220"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huggins, J.L., Garner, M.M., Raverty, S.A., Lambourn, D.M., Norman, S.A., Rhodes, L.D., Gaydos, J.K., Olson, J.K., Haulena, M., and Hanson, M.B. (2020). The emergence of mucormycosis in free-ranging marine mammals of the Pacific Northwest. Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00555"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Bustos, V., Acosta-Hern\u00e1ndez, B., Caba\u00f1ero-Naval\u00f3n, M.D., Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n, A.C., Pem\u00e1n, J., and Rosario Medina, I. (2024). Potential fungal zoonotic pathogens in cetaceans: An emerging concern. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030554"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01492.x","article-title":"Marine mammal zoonoses: A review of disease manifestations","volume":"59","author":"Waltzek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolman, S.J., and Brakes, P. (2018). Sustainable fisheries management and the welfare of bycaught and entangled cetaceans. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00287"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2022.2080298","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control","volume":"42","author":"Ziarati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711416969","article-title":"Disseminated mycosis in a killer whale (Orcinus orca)","volume":"24","author":"Abdo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03207","article-title":"Pulmonary and systemic fungal infections in an Atlantic spotted dolphin and a Bryde\u2019s whale, Brazil","volume":"128","author":"Groch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balik, S.E., Ossiboff, R.J., Stacy, N.I., Wellehan, J.F.X., Huguet, E.E., Gallastegui, A., Childress, A.L., Baldrica, B.E., Dolan, B.A., and Adler, L.E. (2023). Case report: Sarcocystis speeri, Aspergillus fumigatus, and novel Treponema sp. infections in an adult Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis). Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1132161"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0087","article-title":"Postmortem computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case of coinfection of dolphin morbillivirus and Aspergillus fumigatus in a juvenile bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"51","author":"Hamel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-013-9702-8","article-title":"Environmental isolates of fungi from aquarium pools housing killer whales (Orcinus orca)","volume":"176","author":"Kohata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elad, D., and Segal, E. (2018). Diagnostic aspects of veterinary and human aspergillosis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01303"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, S., El Chazli, Y., Babu, A.F., and Coste, A.T. (2017). Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: A consequence of antifungal use in agriculture?. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01024"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burks, C., Darby, A., G\u00f3mez Londo\u00f1o, L., Momany, M., and Brewer, M.T. (2021). Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment: Identifying key reservoirs and hotspots of antifungal resistance. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009711"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.03.005","article-title":"Successful treatment of azole-resistant invasive aspergillosis in a bottlenose dolphin with high-dose posaconazole","volume":"16","author":"Bunskoek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-024-00850-5","article-title":"Azole resistance in veterinary clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolates in the Netherlands","volume":"189","author":"Buil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A12","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-1995-123-3-A12","article-title":"The well-built clinical question: A key to evidence-based decisions","volume":"123","author":"Richardson","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACP J. Club"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.701","article-title":"Observed and projected changes in global climate zones based on K\u00f6ppen climate classification","volume":"12","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.13.452-a","article-title":"Encephalitis in a northern bottlenose whale","volume":"160","author":"Barley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.163.20.602","article-title":"Fatal mycotic encephalitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in a northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)","volume":"163","author":"Dagleish","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"139","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis of the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"2","author":"Carroll","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.159.14.458","article-title":"Intracranial granuloma caused by asporogenic Aspergillus fumigatus in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"159","author":"Dagleish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.03.030","article-title":"Labeled quantitative mass spectrometry to study the host response during aspergillosis in the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"232","author":"Desoubeaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589202900101","article-title":"Pathologic and immunocytochemical studies of morbillivirus infection in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba)","volume":"29","author":"Domingo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430050308","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis in three species of dolphin","volume":"5","author":"Joseph","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.24-0159","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is superior to blow samples for the identification of fungi in the lower respiratory tract of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)","volume":"87","author":"Kamio","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapetanou, A., IJsseldijk, L.L., Willems, D.S., Broens, E.M., Everaarts, E., Buil, J.B., Verweij, P.E., Kik, M.J.L., and Gr\u00f6ne, A. (2020). Mycotic infections in free-ranging harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Front. Mar. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00344"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160838","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160838","article-title":"Morbillivirus-associated unusual mortality event in South Australian bottlenose dolphins is largest reported for the Southern Hemisphere","volume":"3","author":"Kemper","year":"2016","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-30.4.572","article-title":"Morbilliviral disease in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"30","author":"Lipscomb","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14271","article-title":"Systematic beach monitoring as a health assessment tool: Cetacean morbillivirus under non-epizootic circumstances in stranded dolphins","volume":"69","author":"Marutani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mycotic diseases in marine mammals","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Howard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pathobiology of Marine Mammal Diseases"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.025","article-title":"Isolation of culturable microorganisms from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern United States","volume":"148","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12302","article-title":"Linking the occurrence of cutaneous opportunistic fungal invaders with elemental concentrations in false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) skin","volume":"7","author":"Mouton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0391","article-title":"Leukopenia induced by micafungin in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): A case report","volume":"81","author":"Ohno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2010.01863.x","article-title":"Aspergillosis in the middle ear of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): A case report","volume":"54","author":"Prahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"451","article-title":"Bronchoscopic and serologic diagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus pulmonary infection in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"29","author":"Reidarson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohner, S., Morell, M., Wohlsein, P., St\u00fcrznickel, J., Reiter, E.B., Jahnke, A., Prenger-Berninghoff, E., Ewers, C., Walther, G., and Striewe, L.C. (2022). Fatal aspergillosis and evidence of unrelated hearing loss in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the German Baltic Sea. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.958019"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i2p524-526","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis in the dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei)","volume":"13","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.03.002","article-title":"Mycotic otitis media in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)","volume":"143","author":"Seibel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2004.131714","article-title":"Cetacean morbillivirus in coastal Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, Western Australia","volume":"20","author":"Stephens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1976.169.09.946","article-title":"Systemic mycosis in marine mammals","volume":"169","author":"Sweeney","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:1<5::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"A risk-management approach to a mycotic disease potential in captive beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)","volume":"18","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zoo Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.18206","article-title":"Invasive fungal pathogens from the tropical and temperate areas\u2014A challenge in pathology and diagnosis","volume":"18","author":"Cighir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv067","article-title":"Aspergillus and aspergilloses in wild and domestic animals: A global health concern with parallels to human disease","volume":"53","author":"Seyedmousavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/6\/664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:48:19Z","timestamp":1760032099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/6\/664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["biology14060664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14060664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]}}}