{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:50Z","timestamp":1760059670460,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R16-GM149358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16-GM149358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At crime scenes, apart from the detection of blood, it may be important to determine whether a person was alive at the time of blood deposition. Based on the rapid onset of fibrinolysis after death, this pathway could be considered to identify potential biomarkers for postmortem blood. Fibrinolysis is the natural process that breaks down blood clots after healing a vascular injury. One of its products, D-dimer, could be a potential biomarker for postmortem blood. SERATEC\u00ae (SERATEC\u00ae GmbH, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany) has developed the PMB immunochromatographic assay to simultaneously detect human hemoglobin and D-dimer. The main goals of this study were to assess the possibility of using this test to detect postmortem blood, evaluate D-dimer levels in antemortem, menstrual, and postmortem blood, and assess the ability to obtain STR profiles from postmortem blood. Except for one degraded sample, all postmortem blood samples reacted positively for the presence of D-dimer using the SERATEC\u00ae PMB test. All antemortem blood samples from living individuals showed negative results for D-dimer detection, except for one liquid sample with a weak positive result, probably due to pre-existing health conditions. Menstrual blood samples gave variable results for D-dimer. The DIMERTEST\u00ae Latex assay was used for semi-quantitative measurement of D-dimer concentrations, with postmortem and menstrual blood yielding higher D-dimer concentrations compared to antemortem blood. Full STR profiles were developed for all postmortem samples tested except for one degraded sample, pointing to the possibility of not only detecting postmortem blood at the crime scene but also the potential identification of the victim.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14070784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:45:08Z","timestamp":1751366708000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dead or Alive? Identification of Postmortem Blood Through Detection of D-Dimer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1232-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy N.","family":"Brodeur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Forensic Sciences, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tai-Hua","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Forensic Sciences, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0957-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnaz T.","family":"Javan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Forensic Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dakota","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lone Star College Montgomery, Conroe, TX 77384, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERATEC<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Biotechnologie mbH, Ernst-Ruhstrat-Strasse 5, 37079 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2700-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERATEC<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Biotechnologie mbH, Ernst-Ruhstrat-Strasse 5, 37079 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-5690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara C.","family":"Zapico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"},{"name":"Anthropology Department and Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sijen, T., and Harbison, S. 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