{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:29:13Z","timestamp":1760059753950,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vienna Business Agency","award":["2343727","SPA06\/055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2343727","SPA06\/055"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Research","award":["2343727","SPA06\/055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2343727","SPA06\/055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marathon running exerts physical stress and may lead to transient immune dysregulation, increasing susceptibility to airway inflammation and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). This study investigated systemic levels of antimicrobial peptides in athletes and their association with EIB. Serum concentrations of angiogenin, human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2), major basic protein (MBP), S100A8, and S100A8\/A9 were measured in 34 marathoners and 36 half-marathoners at baseline, immediately after a race, and seven days postrace using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and compared with 30 sedentary controls. Lung function was assessed by spirometry to identify bronchoconstriction. Levels of hBD-2 and S100A8\/A9 were significantly elevated postrace in runners compared to baseline and controls, returning to baseline during recovery. During recovery, S100A8 levels remained slightly elevated in marathoners with EIB. Similarly, human beta-defensin 2 was modestly increased in runners who developed bronchoconstriction. Notably, S100A8 levels correlated negatively with lung function parameters, including forced expiratory volume and mid-expiratory flows. These findings suggest that endurance running induces systemic inflammatory responses and modulates innate immune peptides, particularly in individuals prone to bronchoconstriction. These peptides may serve as biomarkers of respiratory stress and help guide personalized strategies in endurance sports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14070825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1751887167000},"page":"825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circulating Antimicrobial Peptides as Biomarkers of Inflammation and Airway Dysfunction After Marathon Running"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Lingitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8797-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannes","family":"K\u00fchtreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Auer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6892-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Mildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus G.","family":"Krenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Bekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hendrik Jan","family":"Ankersmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Chest Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8651(05)70229-0","article-title":"Exercise in weight management of obesity","volume":"19","author":"Poirier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"373","article-title":"Exercise and glucose control","volume":"54","author":"Buresh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"307","article-title":"Effects of sports training & nutrition on bone mineral density in young Indian healthy females","volume":"134","author":"Marwaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S530","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00025","article-title":"Physical activity and cancer risk: Dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific","volume":"33","author":"Thune","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gev038","article-title":"Chronic and acute effects of endurance training on telomere length","volume":"30","author":"Borghini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.1.109","article-title":"Cytokine changes after a marathon race","volume":"91","author":"Nieman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13869","article-title":"Effect of marathon and ultra-marathon on inflammation and iron homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00810-3","article-title":"Physiology and Pathophysiology of Marathon Running: A narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Braschler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, V.C., Sierra, A.P.R., Oliveira, R., Ca\u00e7ula, K.G., Momesso, C.M., Sato, F.T., Silva, M.B.B., Oliveira, H.H., Passos, M.E.P., and de Souza, D.R. (2016). Marathon race affects neutrophil surface molecules: Role of inflammatory mediators. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166687"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht502","article-title":"Marathon run: Cardiovascular adaptation and cardiovascular risk","volume":"35","author":"Predel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cant\u00f3, E., Roca, E., Perea, L., Rodrigo-Troyano, A., Suarez-Cuartin, G., Giner, J., Feliu, A., Soria, J.M., Nescolarde, L., and Vidal, S. (2018). Salivary immunity and lower respiratory tract infections in non-elite marathon runners. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206059"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.d.M.B.D., Bachi, A.L.L., Luna Junior, L.A., Foster, R., Sierra, A.P.R., Benetti, M., Ara\u00fajo, J.R., Ghorayeb, N., Kiss, M.A.P.D., and Vieira, R.P. (2020). The Relationship of IL-8 and IL-10 Myokines and Performance in Male Marathon Runners Presenting Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082622"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04256-w","article-title":"Effect of mountain ultra-marathon running on plasma angiopoietin-like protein 4 and lipid profile in healthy trained men","volume":"120","author":"Buraczewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2011.594423","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Key components of the innate immune system","volume":"32","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4778","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4778","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide database is 20 years old: Recent developments and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"293","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides and proteins, exercise and innate mucosal immunity. FEMS Immunol","volume":"48","author":"West","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015blik, M., Bagi\u0144ska, N., G\u00f3rski, A., and Jo\u0144czyk-Matysiak, E. (2021). Human \u03b2-Defensin 2 and Its Postulated Role in Modulation of the Immune Response. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112991"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.200","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601328","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01328-2016","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide levels are linked to airway inflammation, bacterial colonisation and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"49","author":"Persson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1676","article-title":"The prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm among US Army recruits and its effects on physical performance","volume":"119","author":"Sonna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.11.919","article-title":"Prevalence of exercise induced bronchospasm in Kenyan school children: An urban-rural comparison","volume":"53","author":"Odhiambo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.6.1613","article-title":"Exercise-induced bronchospasm in high school athletes via a free running test: Incidence and epidemiology","volume":"114","author":"Kukafka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-005-0084-y","article-title":"Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: Pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.05.001","article-title":"Airway injury as a mechanism for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes","volume":"122","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(99)00013-8","article-title":"Human beta-defensin-2","volume":"31","author":"Harder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10486","DOI":"10.1021\/bi1011749","article-title":"Interaction of human \u03b2-defensin 2 (HBD2) with glycosaminoglycans","volume":"49","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01574.x","article-title":"Significance of human beta-defensins in the epithelial lining fluid of patients with chronic lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"13","author":"Yanagi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00029409","article-title":"Cigarette smoke enhances \u03b2-defensin 2 expression in rat airways via nuclear factor- \u03baB activation","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Tyagi, R.K., and Bisen, P.S. (2019). Multifunctional Activity of the \u03b2-Defensin-2 during Respiratory Infections. Immune Response Activation and Immunomodulation, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borchers, N.S., Santos-Valente, E., Toncheva, A.A., Wehkamp, J., Franke, A., Gaertner, V.D., Nordkild, P., Genuneit, J., Jensen, B.A.H., and Kabesch, M. (2021). Human \u03b2-Defensin 2 Mutations Are Associated with Asthma and Atopy in Children and Its Application Prevents Atopic Asthma in a Mouse Model. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.636061"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01827","article-title":"Prognostic value of plasma human \u03b2-defensin 2 level on short-term clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A preliminary study","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Ouyang, Y., Li, Z., Wang, X., and Ma, J. (2023). S100A8 and S100A9 in cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, 1878.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188891"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Song, R., Wang, Z., Jing, Z., Wang, S., and Ma, J. (2018). S100A8\/A9 in Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01298"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71610-X","article-title":"S100A8 and S100A9 in inflammatory diseases","volume":"357","author":"Roth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tr\u00f8strup, H., Lerche, C.J., Christophersen, L., Jensen, P.\u00d8., H\u00f8iby, N., and Moser, C. (2017). Immune Modulating Topical S100A8\/A9 Inhibits Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mitigates Biofilm Infection in Chronic Wounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071359"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0144OC","article-title":"S100A8 Protects Human Primary Alveolar Type II Cells against Injury and Emphysema","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coveney, A.P., Wang, W., Kelly, J., Liu, J.H., Blankson, S., Wu, Q.D., Redmond, H.P., and Wang, J.H. (2015). Myeloid-related protein 8 induces self-tolerance and cross-tolerance to bacterial infection via TLR4- and TLR2-mediated signal pathways. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13694"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0446","article-title":"MRP8 and MRP14 control microtubule reorganization during transendothelial migration of phagocytes","volume":"104","author":"Vogl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3583","article-title":"S100A8 modulates mast cell function and suppresses eosinophil migration in acute asthma","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-107","article-title":"The early asthmatic response is associated with glycolysis, calcium binding and mitochondria activity as revealed by proteomic analysis in rats","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, D., Zenker, S., Rossaint, J., H\u00f6lscher, A., Pohlen, M., Zarbock, A., Roth, J., and Vogl, T. (2017). Alarmin S100A8 Activates Alveolar Epithelial Cells in the Context of Acute Lung Injury in a TLR4-Dependent Manner. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01493"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.1914649","article-title":"Elevated serum calprotectin (S100A8\/A9) in patients with severe asthma","volume":"59","author":"Decaesteker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-8-10","article-title":"Myeloid-related protein 8\/14 complex describes microcirculatory alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Burkhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10988","article-title":"Increased perivascular synovial membrane expression of myeloid-related proteins in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Kane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.6","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the utility of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin, and fecal lactoferrin to exclude inflammatory bowel disease in adults with IBS","volume":"110","author":"Menees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17106","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17106","article-title":"S100A8\/9 modulates perturbation and glycolysis of macrophages in allergic asthma mice","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.009","article-title":"Biomarkers in asthmatic patients: Has their time come to direct treatment?","volume":"137","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2019.101804","article-title":"Airway hypersensitivity induced by eosinophil granule-derived cationic proteins","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14464","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.20.14464","article-title":"A novel and highly divergent homolog of human eosinophil granule major basic protein","volume":"274","author":"Plager","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90412-0","article-title":"Deposits of eosinophil granule proteins in cardiac tissues of patients with eosinophilic endomyocardial disease","volume":"1","author":"Tai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90931-1","article-title":"The eosinophil as a mediator of damage to respiratory epithelium: A model for bronchial hyperreactivity","volume":"81","author":"Gleich","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.18.4.2957","article-title":"Eosinophils retain their granule major basic protein in a murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Stelts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119763","article-title":"Pretreatment with antibody to eosinophil major basic protein prevents hyperresponsiveness by protecting neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in antigen-challenged guinea pigs","volume":"100","author":"Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115155","article-title":"Human eosinophil major basic protein induces airway constriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in primates","volume":"87","author":"Gundel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L668","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.281.3.L668","article-title":"Airway inflammation in nonasthmatic amateur runners","volume":"281","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.01.158","article-title":"Alpha-actinin-2, a cytoskeletal protein, binds to angiogenin","volume":"329","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01995.x","article-title":"Angiogenin: A review of the pathophysiology and potential clinical applications","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5480","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00341a030","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of angiogenin, an angiogenic protein from human carcinoma cells","volume":"24","author":"Fett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10249","article-title":"Angiogenesis in wound repair: Angiogenic growth factors and the extracellular matrix","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050210","article-title":"The angiogenins","volume":"54","author":"Strydom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7990","article-title":"Angiogenin is regulated in vivo as an acute phase protein","volume":"242","author":"Olson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekos, C., Zimmermann, M., Unger, L., Janik, S., Hacker, P., Mitterbauer, A., Koller, M., Fritz, R., G\u00e4bler, C., and Kessler, M. (2016). Non-professional marathon running: RAGE axis and ST2 family changes in relation to open-window effect, inflammation and renal function. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32315"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200101000-00007","article-title":"The acute phase response and exercise: The ultramarathon as prototype exercise","volume":"11","author":"Fallon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekos, C., Zimmermann, M., Unger, L., Janik, S., Mitterbauer, A., Koller, M., Fritz, R., G\u00e4bler, C., Didcock, J., and Kliman, J. (2019). Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, temperature regulation and the role of heat shock proteins in non-asthmatic recreational marathon and half-marathon runners. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39983-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.09.009","article-title":"The compelling link between physical activity and the body\u2019s defense system","volume":"8","author":"Nieman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-872909","article-title":"The response of the novel pro-inflammatory molecules S100A8\/A9 to exercise","volume":"27","author":"Mooren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306170","article-title":"S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: A novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules","volume":"81","author":"Foell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1638","article-title":"Mrp8 and Mrp14 are endogenous activators of Toll-like receptor 4, promoting lethal, endotoxin-induced shock","volume":"13","author":"Vogl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80801-6","article-title":"RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: A central cell surface receptor for S100\/calgranulin polypeptides","volume":"97","author":"Hofmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1139\/Y09-054","article-title":"S100A8\/A9: A mediator of severe asthma pathogenesis and morbidity?","volume":"87","author":"Halayko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305790200","article-title":"Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling pathways: Evidence for an intracellular compartmentalization of TLR4","volume":"279","author":"Guillot","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-116","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells require Toll-like receptor 4 for induction of human beta-defensin 2 by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"6","author":"MacRedmond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2500\/108854101778148737","article-title":"MCP-1 and RANTES are mediators of acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Conti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202109-1053OC","article-title":"Comparing the Effect of Acute Moderate and Vigorous Exercise on Inflammation in Adults with Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2822","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.23051","article-title":"Emerging role of angiogenin in stress response and cell survival under adverse conditions","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2013.805342","article-title":"Aerobic training and angiogenesis activation in patients with stable chronic heart failure: A preliminary report","volume":"18","author":"Eleuteri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl041","article-title":"Hypoxic conditions stimulate the production of angiogenin and vascular endothelial growth factor by human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in culture","volume":"21","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1578","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of angiogenin in human malignant melanoma","volume":"59","author":"Hartmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.02.010","article-title":"Hypoxia up-regulated angiogenin and down-regulated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and secretion in human placental trophoblasts","volume":"12","author":"Rajashekhar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9824192","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9824192","article-title":"Impact of hot environment on fluid and electrolyte imbalance, renal damage, hemolysis, and immune activation postmarathon","volume":"2017","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation","volume":"340","author":"Gabay","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerqueira, \u00c9., Marinho, D.A., Neiva, H.P., and Louren\u00e7o, O. (2019). Inflammatory Effects of High and Moderate Intensity Exercise-A Systematic Review. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01550"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-1922-3","article-title":"The impact of exercise intensity on the release of cardiac biomarkers in marathon runners","volume":"111","author":"George","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.36628\/ijhf.2020.0026","article-title":"Endurance Exercise Training Prevents Elevation of Soluble ST2 in Mice with Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Injury","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, I., Jover, E., Matilla, L., Alvarez, V., Fern\u00e1ndez-Celis, A., Beunza, M., Escribano, E., Gainza, A., S\u00e1daba, R., and L\u00f3pez-Andr\u00e9s, N. (2023). Soluble ST2 as a new oxidative stress and inflammation marker in metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032579"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drosatos, I.-A., Tsoporis, J.N., Izhar, S., Gupta, S., Tsirebolos, G., Sakadakis, E., Triantafyllis, A.S., Rigopoulos, A., Rigopoulos, D., and Rallidis, L.S. (2021). Differential regulation of circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (srages) and its ligands S100A8\/A9 four weeks post an exercise intervention in a cohort of young army recruits. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091354"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1838","article-title":"The neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype is associated with systemic inflammation in asthma","volume":"142","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-025-03133-9","article-title":"Vascular remodeling and TSLP\/angiogenin overexpression in severe mixed asthma","volume":"26","author":"Bertolini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Nevel, S., van Ovost, J., Holtappels, G., De Ruyck, N., Zhang, N., Braun, H., Maes, T., Bachert, C., and Krysko, O. (2021). Neutrophils Affect IL-33 Processing in Response to the Respiratory Allergen Alternaria alternata. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.677848"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R39","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2645","article-title":"Serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and of S100 proteins are associated with inflammatory, autoantibody, and classical risk markers of joint and vascular damage in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"D75","article-title":"Exercise-induced angiogenesis-related growth and transcription factors in skeletal muscle, and their modification in muscle pathology","volume":"6","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero, C., Collado-Boira, E., Martinez-Navarro, I., Hernando, B., Hernando, C., Balino, P., and Muriach, M. (2021). Impact of Plasma Oxidative Stress Markers on Post-race Recovery in Ultramarathon Runners: A Sex and Age Perspective Overview. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030355"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439037","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6439037","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Assessment in Response to Ultraendurance Exercise: Thiols Redox Status and ROS Production according to Duration of a Competitive Race","volume":"2016","author":"Vezzoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-016-0148-x","article-title":"Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates eosinophil activation in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis via reducing oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.2_Pt_1.317","article-title":"Enhanced superoxide production by alveolar macrophages and air-space cells, airway inflammation, and alveolar macrophage density changes after segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in allergic subjects","volume":"145","author":"Calhoun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1029814","article-title":"Salivary antimicrobial protein response to prolonged running","volume":"30","author":"Gillum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-1830-6","article-title":"Changes in salivary antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulin A and cortisol after prolonged strenuous exercise","volume":"111","author":"Usui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1182640","article-title":"Ageing and free-living daily physical activity effects on salivary beta-defensin 2 secretion","volume":"35","author":"Shimizu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R616","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00132.2024","article-title":"Acute salivary antimicrobial peptide secretion response to different exercise intensities and durations","volume":"327","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/7\/825\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:05:58Z","timestamp":1760033158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/7\/825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biology14070825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14070825","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-7737"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]}}}