{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:53:29Z","timestamp":1788281609537,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Telethon","award":["GSA21G001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSA21G001"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Telethon","award":["RC 2024-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2024-25"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Telethon","award":["5 \u00d7 1000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 \u00d7 1000"]}]},{"name":"Ministero della Salute","award":["GSA21G001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSA21G001"]}]},{"name":"Ministero della Salute","award":["RC 2024-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2024-25"]}]},{"name":"Ministero della Salute","award":["5 \u00d7 1000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 \u00d7 1000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis is critical for the effective management of neurodegenerative disorders, and retinal alterations have emerged as promising early biomarkers due to the retina\u2019s close developmental and functional link to the brain. The zebrafish (Danio rerio), with its rapid development, transparent embryos, and evolutionarily conserved visual system, represents a powerful and versatile model for studying retinal degeneration. This review discusses a range of behavioral assays\u2014including visual adaptation, motion detection, and color discrimination\u2014that are employed to evaluate retinal function in zebrafish. These methods enable the detection of subtle visual deficits that may precede overt anatomical damage, providing a non-invasive, efficient strategy for early diagnosis and high-throughput drug screening. Importantly, these behavioral tests also serve as sensitive functional readouts to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological treatments over time. Compared to traditional murine models, zebrafish offer advantages such as lower maintenance costs, faster development, optical transparency for live imaging, and ethical benefits due to reduced use of higher vertebrates. However, variability in experimental protocols highlights the need for standardization to ensure reliability and reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14080934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T14:11:44Z","timestamp":1753366304000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Eyes Wide Open: Assessing Early Visual Behavior in Zebrafish Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8498-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Giacich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devid","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Maria","family":"Santorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-635X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Naef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchesi, N., Fahmideh, F., Boschi, F., Pascale, A., and Barbieri, A. 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