{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:05:16Z","timestamp":1793642716798,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2024A1515030234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515030234"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2024A1515012423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012423"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023B03J1267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B03J1267"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2024A04J3497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3497"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2023E04J1246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023E04J1246"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["KTP20240622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP20240622"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2024A1515030234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515030234"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2024A1515012423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012423"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2023B03J1267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B03J1267"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2024A04J3497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3497"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2023E04J1246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023E04J1246"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["KTP20240622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP20240622"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific and Technological Envoys","award":["2024A1515030234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515030234"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific and Technological Envoys","award":["2024A1515012423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012423"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific and Technological Envoys","award":["2023B03J1267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B03J1267"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific and Technological Envoys","award":["2024A04J3497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J3497"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific and Technological Envoys","award":["2023E04J1246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023E04J1246"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific and Technological Envoys","award":["KTP20240622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP20240622"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigates the gut microbiota dynamics of Micropterus salmoides during Nocardia seriolae infection and identifies potential probiotic candidates for disease control in aquaculture. We artificially infected M. salmoides with N. seriolae and analyzed the gut microbiota of dying fish, asymptomatic fish during the peak mortality period, and healthy fish. The results showed that N. seriolae infection significantly altered the gut microbiota diversity. Based on analysis of gut microorganisms, we isolated and identified an N. seriolae-resistant Bacillus from the gut of M. salmoides, which was named B. amyloliquefaciens MS05 (BaMS05). BaMS05 demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against N. seriolae and other common pathogens of M. salmoides both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, BaMS05 could colonize the gut of M. salmoides for at least five days and exhibited a protective effect against N. seriolae infection, reducing cumulative mortality by 40% at the fifth day. This study provides insights into the role of gut microbiota in disease resistance and highlights BaMS05 as a potential probiotic for preventing and controlling N. seriolae infections in aquaculture. Further research will focus on optimizing the application of BaMS05 and verifying its biosafety for practical use in M. salmoides farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:25:57Z","timestamp":1756189557000},"page":"1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study on the Nocardia seriolae Antagonistic Bacterium in the Gut Microbiota of Micropterus salmoides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shixin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7037-2227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE)\/Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1577\/A08-047.1","article-title":"The Effect of Water Temperature on Growth and Survival of Largemouth Bass during Feed Training","volume":"71","author":"Coyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, D.P., and Wahl, D.H. (2020). Growth and physiological responses in largemouth bass populations to environmental warming: Effects of inhabiting chronically heated environments. J. Therm. Biol., 88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102467"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716637639","article-title":"Histologic and molecular characterization of Edwardsiella piscicida infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"28","author":"Fogelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, W., Jiang, L., Hu, S., and Zhu, A. (2023). Metabolite features of serum and intestinal microbiota response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol., 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109496"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10197","article-title":"Diagnosis of piscine francisellosis in Largemouth Bass from a public display exhibit in north-central Florida, USA","volume":"35","author":"Sheehy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105815","article-title":"Co-infections of Aeromonas veronii and Nocardia seriolae in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"173","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Qian, Q., Wu, C., Zhu, Y., Gao, X., Jiang, Q., Wang, J., Liu, G., and Zhang, X. (2022). Pathogenicity of Aeromonas veronii Causing Mass Mortality of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) and Its Induced Host Immune Response. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112198"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.09.038","article-title":"Identification of common antigens of three pathogenic Nocardia species and development of DNA vaccine against fish nocardiosis","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, H.J., Kwak, M.J., Ha, S.M., Yang, S.J., Kim, J.D., Cho, K.H., Kim, T.W., Cho, M.Y., Kim, B.Y., and Jung, S.H. (2019). Genomic characterization of Nocardia seriolae strains isolated from diseased fish. Microbiologyopen, 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.656"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740458","article-title":"Phylogenetic reconstruction, histopathological characterization, and virulence determination of a novel fish pathogen, Nocardia brasiliensis","volume":"581","author":"Acosta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.07.039","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of immune-related gene expression in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata \u2640 \u00d7 Channa argus \u2642) after challenge with Nocardia seriolae","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12782","article-title":"Current knowledge of nocardiosis in teleost fish","volume":"41","author":"Maekawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12762","article-title":"Fish disease and intestinal microbiota: A close and indivisible relationship","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marco, G., Cappello, T., and Maisano, M. (2023). Histomorphological Changes in Fish Gut in Response to Prebiotics and Probiotics Treatment to Improve Their Health Status: A Review. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182860"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252321000165","article-title":"Biotherapeutic microbial supplementation for ameliorating fish health: Developing trends in probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics use in finfish aquaculture","volume":"23","author":"Puri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Yang, H., Cai, G., Nie, Q., and Sun, Y. (2024). The interactions between the host immunity and intestinal microorganisms in fish. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 108.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12934-1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1035.2012.00078","article-title":"Selection and characteriation of pathogen antagonised probiotics from intestinal tract of yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2656","article-title":"Establishment of a Specific PCR Method for Detection of Nocardia seriolae","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genom. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"177","article-title":"Identification of a biocontrol strain and optimization of its fermentation conditions","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. (Agric. Life Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"10","article-title":"Intestinal microbial profiling and immune responses of hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata \u2640 x Channa argus \u2642) challenged with Nocardia seriolae strain","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquacult. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107715","article-title":"Pathogenicity, ultrastructure and genomics analysis of Nocardia seriolae isolated from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"205","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12743","article-title":"Bacterial diseases of tilapia, their zoonotic potential and risk of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"15","author":"Haenen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.04.024","article-title":"Efficacy of recombinant protein vaccines for protection against Nocardia seriolae infection in the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides","volume":"78","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00520-9","article-title":"Enzyme production by obligate intestinal anaerobic bacteria isolated from oscars (Astronotus ocellatus), angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma)","volume":"227","author":"Ramirez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.737942","article-title":"Influences of indigenous isolates Pantoea agglomerans RCS2 on growth, proximate analysis, haematological parameters, digestive enzyme activities, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidants activities, intestinal morphology, disease resistance, and molecular immune response in juvenile\u2019s cobia fish (Rachycentron canadum)","volume":"551","author":"Amenyogbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-017-1802-7","article-title":"Effect of pure microcystin-LR on activity and transcript level of immune-related enzymes in the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fachri, M., Amoah, K., Huang, Y., Cai, J., Alfatat, A., Ndandala, C.B., Shija, V.M., Jin, X., Bissih, F., and Chen, H. (2024). Probiotics and paraprobiotics in aquaculture: A sustainable strategy for enhancing fish growth, health and disease prevention-a review. Front. Mar. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1499228"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746972","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/5746972","article-title":"Multifaceted Role of Probiotics in Enhancing Health and Growth of Aquatic Animals: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Applications in Sustainable Aquaculture-A Review and Bibliometric Analysis","volume":"2025","author":"Ngasotter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Onchari, M.M., Yang, X., Xu, L., Yin, X., Wan, F., Chen, Y., Guan, M., Li, B., and Luo, C. (2022). Genome analysis of Bacillus subtilis JCL16 and the synergistic relationship among its metabolites reveal its potential for biocontrol of Nocardia seriolae. Biol. Control, 167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2022.104855"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-006-0443-9","article-title":"Clostridia dominate 16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from the hindgut of temperate marine herbivorous fishes","volume":"150","author":"Clements","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01524.x","article-title":"Nutritional ecology of marine herbivorous fishes: Ten years on","volume":"23","author":"Clements","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2006.01152.x","article-title":"Growth, stress tolerance and non-specific immune response of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to probiotics in a closed recirculating system","volume":"72","author":"Taoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"107","article-title":"Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: Natural occurrence and probiotic treatments","volume":"14","author":"Gatesoupe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15009","article-title":"Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota in farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.02.010","article-title":"A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics in aquaculture","volume":"87","author":"Kuebutornye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Huo, X., Wang, P., Liu, Q., Yang, C., and Su, J. (2023). The Combination of beta-Glucan and Astragalus Polysaccharide Effectively Resists Nocardia seriolae Infection in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102529"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/9\/1128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:32:46Z","timestamp":1760034766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/9\/1128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biology14091128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14091128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]}}}