{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:48:47Z","timestamp":1793710127748,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["46536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caffeic acid (CA), a plant-derived phenolic compound, is emerging as a promising natural feed additive for sustainable aquaculture. Its growth-promoting, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities suggest utility as an alternative that diminishes antibiotic use in fish farming. Evidence across multiple species indicates improvements in innate immune responses, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and increased survival during pathogen challenge. Nevertheless, adoption remains limited by unresolved questions regarding optimal inclusion levels, species-specific physiological responses, interactions with other dietary components, and effects on the gut microbiota. This review synthesizes current research on CA, critically evaluates its functional roles in aquaculture, and assesses its relevance to sustainable production. Priorities for future work include elucidating mechanisms of action, conducting cross-species dose\u2013response studies, standardizing dosing protocols, clarifying microbiome effects, and evaluating economic feasibility for large-scale use. Addressing these gaps will be essential to realize the full potential of CA as a functional feed additive in sustainable aquaculture systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T13:27:44Z","timestamp":1756733264000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Caffeic Acid as a Promising Natural Feed Additive: Advancing Sustainable Aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5318-6265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen","family":"Dinh-Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luu Tang Phuc","family":"Khang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suwanna","family":"Wisetkaeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1847-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc Tuan","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Po-Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-3593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAO World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2420-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Papungkorn","family":"Sangsawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sefti Heza","family":"Dwinanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya 30662, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patima","family":"Permpoonpattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Faculty of Innovative Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Vu","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-5131.2008.01002.x","article-title":"Global aquaculture and its role in sustainable development","volume":"1","author":"Subasinghe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. 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