{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:38:05Z","timestamp":1772761085247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2024 Open Fund Program of Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology","award":["XJMFY202405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJMFY202405"]}]},{"name":"2024 Open Fund Program of Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology","award":["ZYYD2025JD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYD2025JD02"]}]},{"name":"2024 Open Fund Program of Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology","award":["2022A02013-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A02013-1"]}]},{"name":"2025 Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funding Project, \u201cResearch on Breeding and Exercise Performance Regulation Mechanisms in Horses\u201d","award":["XJMFY202405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJMFY202405"]}]},{"name":"2025 Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funding Project, \u201cResearch on Breeding and Exercise Performance Regulation Mechanisms in Horses\u201d","award":["ZYYD2025JD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYD2025JD02"]}]},{"name":"2025 Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funding Project, \u201cResearch on Breeding and Exercise Performance Regulation Mechanisms in Horses\u201d","award":["2022A02013-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A02013-1"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["XJMFY202405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJMFY202405"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["ZYYD2025JD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYD2025JD02"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Project of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","award":["2022A02013-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A02013-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Testicular development in male animals is a conserved and highly regulated biological process. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying testicular development in Junggar Bactrian camels is essential for gaining a deeper understanding of this process in the species. This study selected testicular tissue from the Junggar Bactrian camel at pre-sexual maturity (G3 group, n = 4, 3 years old) and post-sexual maturity (G5 group, n = 4, 5 years old) for whole transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. We identified differentially expressed mRNA (DEmRNA), including KPNA2 and LRRC46; differentially expressed LncRNA (DELncRNA), including LOC123613926 and LOC123613624; and differentially expressed miRNA (DEmiRNA), including eca-miR-196a and eca-miR-183. Additionally, we also identified 87 currently unnamed DEmiRNAs, which are of practical value for future research on the Junggar Bactrian camel testicular development and spermatogenesis. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that DERNA are mainly involved in functions and processes such as protein binding (MF), protein import into nucleus (BP), and extracellular space (CC), as well as signaling pathways such as Insulin, FoxO, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt. Subsequently, we predicted some DEmiRNAs and DELncRNAs association with DEmRNAs, and constructed the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network. Finally, we randomly selected 10 DERNAs for RT-qPCR validation, and the transcriptome results were consistent with the RT-qPCR results, indicating that the sequencing results were true and reliable. In conclusion, this study analyzed the differential expression of mRNA, LncRNA, and miRNA in Junggar Bactrian camels before and after sexual maturity, providing data references for future studies related to testicular development and spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T07:52:28Z","timestamp":1757663548000},"page":"1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Whole Transcriptome Sequencing and Differential Analysis of Testes in Pre- and Post-Sexual Maturity Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3436-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinkui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7148-4557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1881-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5822-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanlu","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, R., Ming, L., Yun, X., He, J., Yi, L., Na, Q., Ji, R., and Dong, T. 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