{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:00:33Z","timestamp":1781557233672,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cecilia P\u00e9rez Brand\u00e1n by Fundaci\u00f3n Bunge &amp; Born, Fundaci\u00f3n Florencio Fiorini","award":["PICT 2018-3082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-3082"]}]},{"name":"Cecilia P\u00e9rez Brand\u00e1n by Fundaci\u00f3n Bunge &amp; Born, Fundaci\u00f3n Florencio Fiorini","award":["28720210100607CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28720210100607CO"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["PICT 2018-3082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-3082"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["28720210100607CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28720210100607CO"]}]},{"name":"PIBAA","award":["PICT 2018-3082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-3082"]}]},{"name":"PIBAA","award":["28720210100607CO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28720210100607CO"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major health concern in Latin America, particularly affecting low-income and rural communities. Among the many vaccine strategies explored, live attenuated parasites have shown the strongest ability to trigger protective immune responses. In this study, we investigated whether adding saponin-based adjuvants\u2014Immunostimulant Particle Adjuvant (ISPA) and Quil-A\u2014could improve the effectiveness and safety of a live parasite attenuated T. cruzi vaccine. Mice were vaccinated with a T. cruzi attenuated strain (TCC) alone or in combination with each adjuvant, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) subtypes in the serum of vaccinated mice, and interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the supernatants of stimulated cells were measured at two weeks and twelve months post-vaccination. While protection levels were similar across all groups, the adjuvants assist in modulating the immune response over time: ISPA and Quil-A initially shifted antibody production toward IgG1 but later favored a balanced TH1\/TH2 profile. ISPA also promoted long-term regulation through increased IL-10. Both adjuvants reduced tissue inflammation and enhanced clearance of vaccine-derived parasites. These findings suggest that while adjuvants may not boost protection directly, they significantly improve vaccine safety and immune quality, reinforcing their value in developing better vaccines for Chagas disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T08:37:39Z","timestamp":1758530259000},"page":"1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Induction of Sustained Immunity Following Vaccination with Live Attenuated Trypanosoma cruzi Parasites Combined with Saponin-Based Adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Brenda A.","family":"Zabala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Protozoarios (UBIPRO), Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8202-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elisa","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Protozoarios (UBIPRO), Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela E.","family":"Barraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Protozoarios (UBIPRO), Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Mes\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Uncos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n S.","family":"Marcipar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Bioqu\u00edmica y Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe A3000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Protozoarios (UBIPRO), Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"P\u00e9rez Brand\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda y Protozoarios (UBIPRO), Instituto de Patolog\u00eda Experimental \u201cDr. Miguel \u00c1ngel Basombr\u00edo\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta A4400, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Novel Adjuvants & Delivery Vehicles for Vaccines Development: A Road Ahead","volume":"138","author":"Mohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. 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