{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:47:24Z","timestamp":1790048844084,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University\u2019s San Zong Program","award":["ZRCPY202107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZRCPY202107"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LH2022C068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2022C068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LH2023C028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2023C028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research explored the effects of different concentrations of p-coumaric acid (PCA) on the quality of frozen-thawed boar semen. Boar sperm samples were pre-treated with different concentrations of PCA (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 \u03bcg\/mL) prior to the freezing process. Subsequently, multiple parameters were analyzed post-freeze-thawing, including sperm morphological and kinetic characteristics, acrosome and membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, DNA integrity, antioxidant enzyme activities, the expression levels of the BCL-2, BAX, and Caspase-3 proteins, the in vitro fertilization rate of porcine oocytes, and the embryo cleavage rate. The findings indicated that, compared with the control group, the addition of 90 \u03bcg\/mL PCA led to significant improvements in several key aspects. Sperm motility, average path velocity, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, and beat cross frequency were all notably enhanced. Moreover, parameters related to sperm quality, such as acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, and DNA integrity, also showed significant increases (all p &lt; 0.05). In terms of antioxidant capacity, the 90 \u03bcg\/mL PCA treatment significantly elevated the total antioxidant capacity, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Simultaneously, it caused a significant reduction in the contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (p &lt; 0.05). Regarding protein expression, the addition of 90 \u03bcg\/mL PCA significantly upregulated the expression level of the BCL-2 protein, while downregulating the relative expression levels of BAX and Caspase-3 (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, this concentration of PCA significantly improved the in vitro fertilization rate of porcine oocytes and the embryo cleavage rate (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, incorporating PCA into the semen extender can potentially be advantageous for the cryopreservation of boar sperm, with 90 \u03bcg\/mL being the optimal concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14101406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1760420901000},"page":"1406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of p-Coumaric Acid on the Quality of Cryopreserved Boar Spermatozoa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5609-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12569","article-title":"Recent advances in boar sperm cryopreservation:state of the art and current erspectives","volume":"50","author":"Yeste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. 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