{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T21:03:32Z","timestamp":1786741412392,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department Major Science and Technology Special Plan Project, China","award":["202302AE090009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202302AE090009"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Basic Research Joint Project of Yunnan Province","award":["202301BD070001-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301BD070001-095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) are widely used in organic waste bioconversion, and their adaptive capacity to region-specific food waste is critical for efficient application. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of black soldier fly larvae to long-term domestication on regional food waste from Kunming and Qujing. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to identify differences in gene expression and metabolite profiles between the two groups of larvae. The results showed significant divergence in gene expression networks, with key differences in cytochrome P450 detoxification pathways, TOR nutrient-sensing pathways, and zf-C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor families. Metabolomic analysis revealed region-specific metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced branched-chain amino acid degradation in one group and activated sphingolipid signaling pathways with accumulated indole derivatives in the other. Additionally, 13.86% of unannotated metabolites in the metabolome exhibited high connectivity in metabolic networks, suggesting potential roles as \u201cbridge metabolites\u201d in adaptation. These findings demonstrate that long-term domestication on regional food waste drives adaptive differentiation in black soldier fly larvae through regulatory network remodeling, metabolic reprogramming, and activation of hidden metabolic reserves. The study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the application of black soldier flies in waste treatment and strain breeding and establishes a \u201csubstrate-gene-metabolism\u201d multi-omics framework for understanding insect adaptive evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14111584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1763025045000},"page":"1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Mechanisms Underlying Adaptive Differentiation of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Induced by Regional Food Waste Domestication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3754-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4998-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rencan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6411-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaimei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kunming Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Kunming 650106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3647-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongren","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6023-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9487-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shichun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6645-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sifan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3675-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1614-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingquan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2397-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongwang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abo-Zahhad, M.M., and Abo-Zahhad, M. 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