{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:47:32Z","timestamp":1783734452325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is well-known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions in various disease models. Here, we tested whether pre-exposure to ALA can protect the testes from cellular damage caused by scrotal heat shock (HS) in mice. Methods: Thirty-six Swiss albino mice were divided into control (CTRL, n = 6), HS (n = 10), and two ALA dose (HS + ALA 200 mg\/kg, n = 10; and HS + ALA 400 mg\/kg, n = 10) groups. ALA supplementation was administered orally for 30 days. Subsequently, the animals, except the controls, were subjected to an HS water bath at 43 \u00b0C for 20 min. Two days later, they were euthanized, and biometric data from gonads and accessory sexual glands, testicular samples for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses, and sperm from the epididymis cauda were obtained for evaluation. Results: Animals submitted to HS had a lower body weight, decreased relative mass of testes and prostate, reduced seminiferous epithelium height and tubular diameter, and increased degeneration in seminiferous tubules. Additionally, sperm analysis showed a reduced linear progressive velocity (VSL) and straightness (STR), increased midpiece defects, and fewer sperm with functional membranes. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed a reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD1) staining intensity in the testes. Preventive exposure to ALA at 200 mg\/kg did not normalize the relative testicular mass, but it reduced the number of giant cells, decreased midpiece defects, normalized the number of sperm with functional membranes, and partially preserved SOD1 expression. Although animals treated with ALA 400 mg\/kg showed an improvement in relative testicular mass, this dose was less efficient in other parameters. Conclusions: This study showed that while 30 days of oral ingestion of ALA before the induction of acute degenerative injury did not fully protect male mouse gonads at the tissue level, some parameters related to testicular function and sperm quality showed a partial improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14121708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1764594182000},"page":"1708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Preventive Exposure to High Doses of Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) on Testicular and Sperm Alterations Caused by Scrotal Heat Shock in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7679-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Cardoso","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Microscopy Center (CME), Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9671-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u00edra Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Kersul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics and Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DCAA), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Morais","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Irec\u00ea College (FAI), Irec\u00ea 44900-000, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeane Martinha dos Anjos","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Microscopy Center (CME), Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7587-6662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Reis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Microscopy Center (CME), Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cibele Luz","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Microscopy Center (CME), Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9588-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleisla Souza","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Microscopy Center (CME), Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Rodrigues","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction Laboratory (LARA), Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DCAA), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9881-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juneo Freitas","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Microscopy Center (CME), Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4445-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Pereira das Neves","family":"Snoeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction Laboratory (LARA), Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DCAA), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Samples Collected Globally in the 20th and 21st Centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. 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