{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:52:02Z","timestamp":1770148322582,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["260003\/001221\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260003\/001221\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Programa Inova Fiocruz and the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","award":["IOC-008-FIO-22-2-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOC-008-FIO-22-2-51"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["142350\/2020-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142350\/2020-6"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["CNPq\u2014309718\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq\u2014309718\/2022-8"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["CNPq\u2014310887\/2023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq\u2014310887\/2023-2"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["CNPq\u2014313188\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq\u2014313188\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq","award":["CNPq\u2014314717\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq\u2014314717\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"Programa Cientista do Nosso Estado (CNE) of FAPERJ","award":["CNE\/FAPERJ\u2014200.456\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNE\/FAPERJ\u2014200.456\/2023"]}]},{"name":"Programa Cientista do Nosso Estado (CNE) of FAPERJ","award":["CNE\/FAPERJ\u2014E26\/201.158\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNE\/FAPERJ\u2014E26\/201.158\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Programa Cientista do Nosso Estado (CNE) of FAPERJ","award":["CNE\/FAPERJ\u2014E26\/204.392\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNE\/FAPERJ\u2014E26\/204.392\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which combines light and dyes, has emerged as a cost-effective, selective, and less toxic alternative to conventional chemotherapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), offering potential benefits for millions, especially those who are socioeconomically vulnerable. Therefore, this study investigated the in vitro effects of methylene blue (MB), a widely used photosensitizer with proven clinical efficacy, along with its derivatives\u2014new methylene blue\u2014NMB, NMB-B, and NMB-P\u2014in PDT against L. amazonensis promastigotes, using a red LED device. Inhibitory concentrations (ICs) and 168 h proliferation curves were obtained. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mechanism of cell death induction were analyzed by flow cytometry. PDT enhanced leishmanicidal effects compared to non-PDT conditions, reducing ICs by up to 85% and outperforming miltefosine, reaching the submicromolar range (IC25NMB-P = 0.73 \u00b1 0.16 \u00b5M, p &lt; 0.05). The proliferation curve showed a consistent inhibitory effect, with MB exhibiting a greater decline than miltefosine, a pattern also observed with MB derivatives. PDT also increased ROS production by up to 5-fold and induced apoptosis-like cell death, characterized by AV+ parasites (up to 51.49 \u00b1 2.90%, p &lt; 0.0001). The results demonstrated that the tested dyes effectively eliminated L. amazonensis promastigotes, highlighting the potential of the NMB derivatives as photosensitizers and supporting further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14121710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1764594182000},"page":"1710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Light, Dyes, and Action: Photodynamic Inactivation of Leishmania amazonensis Using Methylene Blue, New Methylene Blue, and Novel Ruthenium-Based Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9201-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deyvison Rhuan","family":"Vasco-dos-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LITEB\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5682-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Vacani-Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LITEB\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1671-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Cordeiro Moreira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LCC\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-7272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Anast\u00e1cio","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LCC\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00eanis Novais da","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Ondina, Salvador 40170-290, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Henriques-Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LITEB\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2240-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Caio","family":"Torres-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioqu\u00edmica de Tripanossomat\u00eddeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LBqT\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9241-2261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Andr\u00e9","family":"Vannier-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (LITEB\u2014IOC), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.04.003","article-title":"Paul Ehrlich\u2014In Search of the Magic Bullet","volume":"6","author":"Winau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2394","article-title":"Paul Ehrlich\u2019s Magic Bullet Concept: 100 Years of Progress","volume":"8","author":"Strebhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.12.2671","article-title":"Antimalarial Dyes Revisited: Xanthenes, Azines, Oxazines, and Thiazines","volume":"39","author":"Vennerstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000077277","article-title":"The Return of Ehrlich\u2019s \u2018Therapia Magna Sterilisans\u2019 and Other Ehrlich Concepts?","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.05.022","article-title":"The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to Infectious Disease","volume":"54","author":"Gensini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"37","article-title":"From Chemotherapy to Signal Therapy (1909\u20132009): A Century Pioneered by Paul Ehrlich","volume":"3","author":"Maruta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"46","article-title":"Uses of Diazo Dyes as Drugs","volume":"1","author":"Asif","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"167","article-title":"Sobre o Tratamento da Leishmaniose Tegumentar","volume":"2","author":"Vianna","year":"1914","journal-title":"Ann. Paul. Med. Cir."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezende, J.M. (2009). Gaspar Vianna, M\u00e1rtir da Ci\u00eancia e Benfeitor da Humanidade. \u00c0 Sombra do Pl\u00e1tano: Cr\u00f4nicas de Hist\u00f3ria da Medicina, Editora Fap-Unifesp.","DOI":"10.7476\/9788561673635"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14072317","article-title":"Pentavalent Antimonials: New Perspectives for Old Drugs","volume":"14","author":"Demicheli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29510716543","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i7.16543","article-title":"Tratamento da Leishmaniose, Limita\u00e7\u00f5es da Terap\u00eautica Atual e a Necessidade de Novas Alternativas: Uma Revis\u00e3o Narrativa","volume":"10","author":"Santiago","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2021.03.008","article-title":"Neurological Toxicity Due to Antimonial Treatment for Refractory Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Bosch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02360-16","article-title":"Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime) Causes Oxidative Stress-Derived DNA Damage in BALB\/c Mice Infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum","volume":"61","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, C.C.J., Torraca, T.S.d.S., Bezerra, D.d.O., Leite, N.K.S., Oliveira, R.d.V.C.d., Ara\u00fajo-Melo, M.H., Pimentel, M.I.F., da Costa, A.D., Vasconcellos, \u00c9.d.C.F., and Lyra, M.R. (2024). Self-Reporting of Hearing Loss and Tinnitus in the Diagnosis of Ototoxicity by Meglumine Antimoniate in Patients Treated for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296728"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658068","article-title":"Pancreatic Toxicity as an Adverse Effect Induced by Meglumine Antimoniate","volume":"58","author":"Lyra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01499-13","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of Pentavalent Antimonial Drug: Possible Role of Residual Sb(III) and Protective Effect of Ascorbic Acid","volume":"58","author":"Kato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"22","article-title":"Evaluation of Hepatotoxicity Effect of Sodium Stibogluconate (Pentostam) in Mice Model","volume":"37","author":"Saad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Al-Mukhtar J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114378","article-title":"TRPML1 Contributes to Antimony-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Initiating Ferroptosis via Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy","volume":"184","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"85","article-title":"Leishmaniasis y Coraz\u00f3n","volume":"92","author":"Farina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiol. M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80043-3","article-title":"Sodium Stibogluconate Cardiotoxicity and Safety of Generics","volume":"97","author":"Rijal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"259","article-title":"Morte Ap\u00f3s Uso de Antimonial Pentavalente em Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana","volume":"68","author":"Kopke","year":"1993","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822005000300011","article-title":"\u00d3bito em Caso de Leishmaniose Cut\u00e2neomucosa Ap\u00f3s o Uso de Antimonial Pentavalente","volume":"38","author":"Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.02.007","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Adverse Effects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment in the New World","volume":"118","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponte-Sucre, A., Gamarro, F., Dujardin, J.-C., Barrett, M.P., L\u00f3pez-V\u00e9lez, R., Garc\u00eda-Hern\u00e1ndez, R., Pountain, A.W., Mwenechanya, R., and Papadopoulou, B. (2017). Drug Resistance and Treatment Failure in Leishmaniasis: A 21st Century Challenge. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006052"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20198388","article-title":"American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: Severe Side Effects of Pentavalent Antimonial in a Patient with Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"94","author":"Marques","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Periferakis, A., Caruntu, A., Periferakis, A.-T., Scheau, A.-E., Badarau, I.A., Caruntu, C., and Scheau, C. (2022). Availability, Toxicology and Medical Significance of Antimony. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084669"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00726-8","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments","volume":"23","author":"Vries","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"WHO, World Health Organization (2025, May 28). Leishmaniasis: Key Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"OPAS, Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Pan-Americana da Sa\u00fade (2024). Plano de A\u00e7\u00e3o Para Fortalecer a Vigil\u00e2ncia e o Controle Das Leishmanioses Nas Am\u00e9ricas 2023\u20132030, OPAS, Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Pan-Americana da Sa\u00fade."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"PAHO, Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud (2024). Leishmaniasis: Epidemiological Report on the Regeion of the Americas, PAHO, Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de la Salud."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09518-3","article-title":"Effects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis on Patients\u2019 Quality of Life","volume":"24","author":"Yizengaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merdekios, B., Shewangizaw, M., Sappo, A., Ewunetu, E., van Griensven, J., van geertruyden, J.P., Ceuterick, M., and Bastiaens, H. (2025). Unveiling the Hidden Burden: Exploring the Psychosocial Impact of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lesions and Scars in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317576"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuwangi, H., Agampodi, T.C., Price, H.P., Shepherd, T., Weerakoon, K.G., and Agampodi, S.B. (2023). Stigma Associated with Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011818"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"DNDi, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (2025, May 28). From Neglect to Hope: Voices of Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Yt8fNz73N8s&t=236s."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"DNDi, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (2025, May 28). The Mark of Neglect: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tRtx2N2YR2k&t=2s."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"DNDi, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (2025, May 28). Pip Stewart on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: \u2018It Wasn\u2019t Just the Parasite That Got under My Skin, It Was the Injustice of It\u2019. Available online: https:\/\/dndi.org\/stories\/2021\/pip-stewart-on-cutaneous-leishmaniasis\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pip, S. (2025, May 28). Leishmaniasis: A Love Letter to a Flesh Eating Parasite [Video]. TED. Available online: https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/pip_stewart_leishmaniasis_a_love_letter_to_a_flesh_eating_parasite_jan_2019."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10856-w","article-title":"Recent Advances and New Strategies on Leishmaniasis Treatment","volume":"104","author":"Roatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07139-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Where Are We and Where Are We Heading?","volume":"120","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shmueli, M., and Ben-Shimol, S. (2024). Review of Leishmaniasis Treatment: Can We See the Forest Through the Trees?. Pharmacy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy12010030"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0408","article-title":"Social and Economic Burden of Human Leishmaniasis","volume":"94","author":"Okwor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em335","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/11335","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Associated with the Level of Poverty of the Andean Rural Population: A Five-Year Single-Center Study","volume":"18","author":"Pasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"135","article-title":"Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Grifferty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102422","article-title":"Successful Combined Therapy with GlucantimeTM and Pentoxifylline for the Nasal Mucosal Lesion Recently Developed in a Leishmaniasis Patient Having Untreated Cutaneous Lesion for Seven Decades","volume":"85","author":"Brustolin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107143","article-title":"Quinine and Chloroquine: Potential Preclinical Candidates for the Treatment of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"252","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202200550","article-title":"Mannose-Decorated Composite Peptide Hydrogel with Thixotropic and Syneresis Properties and Its Application in Treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"17","author":"Dowari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berhe, H., Sridhar, M.K.C., Zerihun, M., and Qvit, N. (2024). The Potential Use of Peptides in the Fight Against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020227"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2021.03.011","article-title":"Immunotherapy in Treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"233","author":"Akbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201600216X","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and Various Immunotherapeutic Approaches","volume":"145","author":"Taslimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2292-9","article-title":"Leishmanicidal Effect of Antiparasitic Photodynamic Therapy\u2014ApPDT on Infected Macrophages","volume":"32","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879380","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.879380","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Pediatric Age: Current Applications and Future Trends","volume":"13","author":"Altavilla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, J.H., Rodrigues, J.A., Pimenta, S., Dong, T., and Yang, Z. (2021). Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091332"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Fitzgerald, F. (2017). Photodynamic Therapies: Basic Mechanism, Applications and Functional Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)\u2014Principles, Mechanisms and Applications, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1175_2021","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Facial Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"88","author":"Loughlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103800","article-title":"Daylight Photodynamic Therapy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Pediatric Setting: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"44","author":"Pomi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00097-9","article-title":"Methylene Blue in Photodynamic Therapy: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Applications","volume":"2","author":"Tardivo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.04.009","article-title":"Evaluation of Methylene Blue as Photosensitizer in Promastigotes of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"18","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12978","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12978","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue and Its Derivatives in Animal Studies: Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Cardozo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology: Established and New Indications","volume":"22","author":"Balakirski","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDDG J. Dtsch. Dermatologischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.1999.0917","article-title":"Methylene Blue in the Treatment and Prevention of Ifosfamide-Induced Encephalopathy: Report of 12 Cases and a Review of the Literature","volume":"82","author":"Pelgrims","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.120051","article-title":"Treatment of Oral Candidiasis with Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in an Immunodeficient Murine Model","volume":"93","author":"Teichert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12555","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Pityriasis Versicolor by Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Methylene Blue","volume":"36","author":"Alberdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.005","article-title":"Transmission Electron Microscopy Revealing the Mechanism of Action of Photodynamic Therapy on Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"190","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00840.x","article-title":"The Efficacy of Photochemical Treatment with Methylene Blue and Light for the Reduction of Trypanosoma cruzi in Infected Plasma","volume":"91","author":"Bueno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13188","article-title":"Preclinical Investigation of Methylene Blue-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Leishmania Parasites Using Real-Time Bioluminescence","volume":"96","author":"Cabral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.04.009","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: The Efficacy of Methylene Blue in Hamsters Experimentally Infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","volume":"128","author":"Peloi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2010.2915","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy Using Methylene Blue to Treat Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-022-02778-w","article-title":"Drug Repurposing: A Shortcut to New Biological Entities","volume":"56","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasco-dos-santos, D.R., Almeida-silva, J., Fiuza, L.F.A., Vacani-Martins, N., Rocha, Z.N., Soeiro, M.N.C., Henrique-Pons, A., Torres-Santos, E.C., and Vannier-Santos, M.A. (Biology, 2025). From Dyes to Drugs? Selective Leishmanicidal Efficacy of Repositioned Methylene Blue and Its Derivatives In Vitro Evaluation, Biology, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14121709"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.05.005","article-title":"Cell Death Mechanisms in Leishmania amazonensis Triggered by Methylene Blue-Mediated Antiparasitic Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Aureliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116881","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy Offers a Novel Approach to Managing Miltefosine-Resistant Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"177","author":"Cabral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"462","article-title":"Analysis of Cell Viability by the Alamar Blue Assay","volume":"2018","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00230.x","article-title":"A History of Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"61","author":"Daniell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessel, D. (2019). Photodynamic Therapy: A Brief History. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101581"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2001)074<0656:THOPAP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The History of Photodetection and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"74","author":"Ackroyd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e1jer, A., Kaj\u00e1ri, S., Gajd\u00e1cs, M., Musah-Eroje, A., and Bar\u00e1th, Z. (2020). Utility of Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry: Current Concepts. Dent. J., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8020043"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(91)80172-E","article-title":"The Origin and Meaning of the Term \u201cPhotodynamic\u201d (as Used in \u201cPhotodynamic Therapy\u201d, for Example)","volume":"9","author":"Spikes","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1076\/soph.16.4.181.10299","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: History and Principles","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264961","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1264961","article-title":"Methylene Blue in Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy: Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies","volume":"14","author":"Taldaev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: An Update. CA","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1021\/jm990245q","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of Chalcogenopyrylium Dyes as Potential Sensitizers for the Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer","volume":"42","author":"Leonard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, M., Xu, C., Yang, S., Zhang, Z., Wei, Z., Wu, M., and Xue, F. (2022). Vehicle-Free Nanotheranostic Self-Sssembled from Clinically Approved Dyes for Cancer Fluorescence Imaging and Photothermal\/Photodynamic Combinational Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051074"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.06.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: A Bright New Technique to Kill Resistant Microbes","volume":"33","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01162","article-title":"Blue-Light-Activated Water-Soluble Sn(Iv)-Porphyrins for Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy (APDT) against Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"21","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01107.x","article-title":"Photodynamic Antifungal Chemotherapy","volume":"88","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"577","article-title":"Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as a Potential Treatment against COVID-19: A Case for Blue Light","volume":"38","author":"Enwemeka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photo. Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, S.K., Leung, A.W.N., and Xu, C. (2023). Photodynamic Action of Curcumin and Methylene Blue against Bacteria and SARS-CoV-2\u2014A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010034"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.05.004","article-title":"Pheophorbide a, a Compound Isolated from the Leaves of Arrabidaea chica, Induces Photodynamic Inactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"19","author":"Miranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-024-04174-0","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Management of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2015.03","article-title":"Topical and Intradermal Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue and Light-Emitting Diode in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"6","author":"Sbeghen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2018.49","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: Evaluation of Therapies Association in Experimentally Infected Mice with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","volume":"9","author":"Volpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11570","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x2021e11570","article-title":"Progress in the Photodynamic Therapy Treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"54","author":"Baptista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabral, F.V., Cerone, M., Persheyev, S., Lian, C., Samuel, I.D.W., Ribeiro, M.S., and Smith, T.K. (2023). New Insights in Photodynamic Inactivation of Leishmania amazonensis: A Focus on Lipidomics and Resistance. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289492"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102609","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Leishmaniasis: Recent Advances and Future Trends","volume":"36","author":"Varzandeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2019.05.016","article-title":"Type I Photodynamic Therapy by Organic\u2013Inorganic Hybrid Materials: From Strategies to Applications","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121110","article-title":"Application of Glutathione Depletion in Cancer Therapy: Enhanced ROS-Based Therapy, Ferroptosis, and Chemotherapy","volume":"277","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomer, C.J. (2010). Introduction. Photodynamic Therapy\u2014Methods and Protocols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-697-9"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.06.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles of Methylene Blue Enhance Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Jesus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photo. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0586-3","article-title":"Mitochondria and Trypanosomatids: Targets and Drugs","volume":"28","author":"Fidalgo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00095","article-title":"Programmed Cell Death in Leishmania: Biochemical Evidence and Role in Parasite Infectivity","volume":"2","author":"Gannavaram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborti, S., Chakraborti, T., Chattopadhyay, D., and Shaha, C. (2019). Oxidative Stress Inducers as Potential Anti-Leishmanial Agents. Oxidative Stress in Microbial Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8763-0"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1370-2","article-title":"Cell Death Pathways in Pathogenic Trypanosomatids: Lessons of (over) Kill","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/138945009787581168","article-title":"Electron Microscopy in Antiparasitic Chemotherapy: A (Close) View to a Kill","volume":"10","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12758","article-title":"Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy against Leishmania tropica Promastigotes Using Different Photosensitizers","volume":"38","author":"Ertabaklar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-104","article-title":"Apoptotic Markers in Protozoan Parasites","volume":"3","author":"Alzate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2929","article-title":"Cell Death in Parasitic Protozoa: Regulated or Incidental?","volume":"11","author":"Proto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"387","article-title":"Fine Structure and Cytochemistry of the Interaction between Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and Rat Neutrophils and Eosinophils","volume":"19","author":"Pimenta","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Submicrosc. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-00974-8","article-title":"New Methylene Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Multidrug-Resistant Fonsecaea nubica Infected Chromoblastomycosis In Vitro","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"8301569","article-title":"Phenothiazinium Dyes Are Active against Trypanosoma cruzi In Vitro","volume":"2019","author":"Portapilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20922","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii Using Phenothiazinium Dyes: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies","volume":"42","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230240","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760230240","article-title":"Leishmania spp. Genetic Factors Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Antimony Pentavalent Drug Resistance: A Systematic Review","volume":"119","author":"Nery","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107315","article-title":"ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters and Drug Resistance in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"151","author":"Santana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0328","article-title":"Nanotechnology Assisted Photo- and Sonodynamic Therapy for Overcoming Drug Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1039\/c4pp00495g","article-title":"The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Overcoming Cancer Drug Resistance","volume":"14","author":"Spring","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019071","article-title":"Cell Death in Leishmania","volume":"26","author":"Basmaciyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3526-4","article-title":"A Potential Acetyltransferase Involved in Leishmania major Metacaspase-Dependent Cell Death","volume":"12","author":"Basmaciyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/12\/1710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T05:21:53Z","timestamp":1764652913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/14\/12\/1710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biology14121710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14121710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]}}}