{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:29:01Z","timestamp":1787729341245,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00398364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00398364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02314585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02314585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"newly appointed professors of Jeonbuk National University"},{"name":"selection of research-oriented professor of Jeonbuk National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poultry serve as natural reservoirs for Salmonella spp., and the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated poultry products remains a leading cause of infection in both developed and developing countries. The irrational use of antimicrobials in the poultry industry has contributed to the global emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains. This study aimed to evaluate whether Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) could serve as a broad-spectrum immunogen, providing protection against the most prevalent MDR Salmonella serovars. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of S. typhimurium OMVs were assessed in both specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice and chickens challenged with S. typhimurium infection. In addition, the cross-protective efficacy of OMVs against infections with heterologous serovars, specifically S. montevideo and S. albany, was also evaluated in chickens. Our results demonstrated that S. typhimurium OMVs elicited a robust humoral immune response and conferred significant immune protection in both mice and chickens. Following challenges with MDR S. montevideo and S. albany strains, immunized birds exhibited reduced levels of fecal shedding and liver invasion. Furthermore, in vitro studies revealed that S. typhimurium OMVs also possess cross-immunogenicity against MDR S. Enteritidis and S. gallinarum. In conclusion, S. typhimurium OMVs provide cross-protection against heterologous MDR Salmonella infections both in vitro and in vivo. Our study suggests that OMVs derived from S. typhimurium strains hold promise as novel subunit vaccine candidates for preventing MDR heterologous serovar infections in animals, offering a potential solution to the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance in the poultry industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T07:01:33Z","timestamp":1766386893000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cross-Protective Efficacy of Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) Derived from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Against Salmonella enterica Serovars Colonization in SPF Chicken"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ri","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Eun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyeong-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2360-6382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki-Woong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Kwan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108572","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase\/AmpC-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow isolated from food-producing animals during 2010\u20132017 in South Korea","volume":"322","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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