{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:18:56Z","timestamp":1767611936498,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Philosophy and Social Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province University","award":["2022SJYB0090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SJYB0090"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LGZD202507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGZD202507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32100366"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100366"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2601200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2601200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province \u201c14th Five-Year Plan\u201d Key Construction Discipline \u201cPublic Security Technology\u201d project","award":["N5342202300003-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N5342202300003-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tarantulas (family Theraphosidae) are ecologically significant invertebrate predators in terrestrial ecosystems, but many species face threats from habitat fragmentation and unsustainable collection for the international pet trade. Brachypelma albiceps, a CITES Appendix II-listed species, lacks comprehensive mitochondrial genome characterization, limiting phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Here, we report a complete mitochondrial genome sequence for B. albiceps (13,856 bp; GC content 32.84%) and provide detailed annotation. The genome exhibits typical metazoan mitochondrial organization, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs, with an AT-rich nucleotide composition (67.16%) characteristic of arthropod mitochondria. Comparative analyses of B. albiceps and six other Mygalomorphae species revealed strong biases toward A\/T-ending codons and avoidance of G\/C-ending codons. ENC\u2013GC3s, neutrality, and PR2 analyses consistently indicate that natural selection plays a dominant role in shaping synonymous codon usage, with mutation pressure also contributing. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 10 high-quality mitochondrial protein-coding genes from 23 spider species confirmed the placement of B. albiceps within the family Theraphosidae and its close phylogenetic relationship to Cyriopagopus species. These results provide valuable genomic resources for the Theraphosidae systematics, enhance our understanding of codon bias evolution, and provide critical DNA barcode data for forensic identification of CITES-regulated specimens in the illegal wildlife trade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T07:01:33Z","timestamp":1766386893000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing of Brachypelma albiceps and Comparative Codon Usage Bias Analysis Across Seven Mygalomorphae Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qingbin","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Hilly Area, Nanjing 210046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senlin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Nanjing Police University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Wildlife Evidence Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bond, J.E., Hendrixson, B.E., Hamilton, C.A., and Hedin, M. 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