{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:28:02Z","timestamp":1787916482858,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Biosciences at Cardiff University","award":["02-456679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02-456679"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Research UK career development fellowship","award":["#A27894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#A27894"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has emerged as a potential contributor to prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis, yet the mechanistic basis remains unclear. This review explores the prevalence, persistence and mechanistic impact of C. acnes within the prostate to help decipher the functional consequence and diagnostic value of a C. acnes infection in this setting. We examine the evidence supporting C. acnes colonisation of both premalignant and malignant tissue, and critically evaluate how prostate tumour physiology, particularly hypoxia and low pH, may facilitate microbial persistence. Emerging data suggest that C. acnes modulates inflammatory and immune pathways, influencing macrophage activation, cytokine production, and the regulation of immune checkpoints. Additionally, we discuss studies demonstrating its involvement in DNA damage, host cell metabolism, and extracellular matrix remodelling. The identification of C. acnes in urinary and gut microbiomes, alongside the presence of its genomic DNA in extracellular vesicles in circulation indicate broad diagnostic potential. While discrepancies in methodology have hampered a consensus, recent genomic and functional studies provide new avenues to distinguish contamination from true pathogenicity. Ultimately, future research exploring whether C. acnes is a biomarker, bystander, or bona fide driver of PCa, and its potential role in personalised diagnostics are crucial to advance the field and unravel the predictive and therapeutic value of C. acnes. Clarifying this relationship will advance our understanding of microbiome-cancer dynamics and could help inform innovative early detection and screening strategies that improve patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15010030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cutibacterium acnes: An Emerging Prostate Cancer Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1879-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luka","family":"Brajdic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8480-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella K.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3284-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen B.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Division of Biomedicine, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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