{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:12:43Z","timestamp":1792552363865,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003069","name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIP-20253840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP-20253840"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007045","name":"SECIHTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF-2023-I-1131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF-2023-I-1131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, commonly associated with intake of a high-calorie diet (HCD). Although numerous T2DM murine models have been developed using C57BL\/6 mice, BALB\/c mice typically fail to develop the disease under the same conditions. We hypothesized that diets optimized for C57BL\/6 mice may be insufficient to induce T2DM in BALB\/c mice. Female BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mice (n = 48 each) were fed either a specific high-calorie diet (HCD) or a standard diet (SD) for ten weeks. BALB\/c mice fed a specific HCD exhibited developed persistent hyperglycemia (112.6 mg\/dL \u00b1 3.4) from week 1 through week 10, while SD-fed controls maintained normal glucose levels (84.2 mg\/dL \u00b1 2.8). HCD-fed BALB\/c mice showed elevated serum insulin (39.09 pg\/dL \u00b1 25.94), triglycerides (290.8 mg\/dL \u00b1 139.5), HOMA index (7.68 \u00b1 1.49) and high post-challenge glucose along with visceral adiposity, hepatic steatosis, and pancreatic alterations. SD-fed BALB\/c mice showed no such changes. Similar findings were observed in C57BL\/6 mice, used as a positive disease-control group. This model demonstrates that a properly formulated HCD can induce T2DM in BALB\/c mice, enabling the study of genes and molecules associated with diabetes susceptibility without requiring genetic or chemical manipulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T09:40:29Z","timestamp":1767692429000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Energy-Dense High-Fat\/High-Sucrose Diet to Induce Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in BALB\/c Mice Without Genetic Modifications and Chemical Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6058-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma Nelly","family":"Diaz-Herreros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Aplicada, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Delg. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica Serendipia A.C., Tl\u00e1huac, Mexico City 13210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7577-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaranta Sarai","family":"Valdez-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Aplicada, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3708-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Cancino-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Delg. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7128-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luvia Enid","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda de los Microorganismos, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Delg. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5050-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"G\u00f3mez-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares e Inmunol\u00f3gicas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatia del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Guillermo Massieu Helguera 239, Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica Gricelda","family":"Arellano-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico Degenerativas, Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-6477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciano","family":"Tamay-Cach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Aplicada, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Eugenio","family":"Cancino-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Aplicada, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Prolongaci\u00f3n de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s\/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Delg. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9051426","article-title":"Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in Different Animal Models","volume":"2016","author":"Kupai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1258\/002367791780808446","article-title":"Genetic variation within and between lines of diabetes-prone and non-diabetes-prone BB rats; allele distribution of 8 protein markers","volume":"25","author":"Prins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lab. 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