{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:45:50Z","timestamp":1793295950801,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Health Commission Medical Research Key Project","award":["K2023060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2023060"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["JX10414318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JX10414318"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal astrocytes reside mainly in the nerve fiber layer and are central to shaping retinal vessels and maintaining neurovascular balance. Derived from the optic nerve head, they spread across the inner retina to form a meshwork that both supports and instructs the emerging superficial vascular plexus. Immature astrocytes supply vascular endothelial growth factor-A(VEGF-A) to guide endothelial sprouting, while signals from growing vessels promote astrocyte maturation and strengthen the blood\u2013retinal barrier. In disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration, these cells show marked plasticity. Reactive astrogliosis can sustain VEGF and inflammation, favoring fragile, leaky neovessels, whereas alternative astrocyte states help reinforce barrier function and release anti-angiogenic factors. Located at the core of the neurovascular unit, astrocytes communicate continuously with endothelial cells, pericytes and neurons. This review integrates data from single-cell profiling and advanced imaging to outline astrocyte development, morphology and key signaling pathways (VEGF, PDGF, Wnt\/Norrin, Eph\/ephrin), and considers how tuning astrocyte polarization might be exploited to preserve retinal vascular integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:41:34Z","timestamp":1769164894000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retinal Astrocytes: Key Coordinators of Developmental Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Homeostasis in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4145-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"},{"name":"The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4695-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi-Fan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"},{"name":"The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1199-1432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"},{"name":"The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3053-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"},{"name":"The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24190","article-title":"Development of astrocytes in the vertebrate eye","volume":"243","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. 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