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While lime-based amendments are widely applied for Cd immobilization, mechanistic understanding of bioavailability control pathways remains limited. This study employed a meta-analysis methodology based on 260 datasets from 55 publications to systematically investigate the mechanisms and differences in the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and calcium oxide in regulating Cd migration in acidic soil\u2013plant systems. The study revealed that lime-based materials synergistically regulated Cd migration through two processes: chemical fixation and ionic competition. Results showed lime application reduced soil available Cd by 33.0%, decreased grain Cd by 44.8%, increased soil pH by 15.6%, and enhanced exchangeable Ca by 35.2%. Chemical fixation was evidenced by Cd transformation from labile to stable forms (residual Cd: +29.5%, acid-soluble Cd: \u221217.5%). Ionic competition was quantitatively confirmed through strong negative correlation between exchangeable Ca and grain Cd (R2 = 0.704). Among the materials, Ca(OH)2 exhibits the highest efficiency in rapid pedogenic passivation (58.7% reduction in available Cd), whereas CaCO3 demonstrates superior long-term grain Cd attenuation (65.7% inhibition) via sustained Ca2+ release and rhizosphere-regulated dissolution. This study advances mechanistic understanding of Cd bioavailability control and establishes quantitative frameworks for predicting ecotoxicological outcomes, providing scientific basis for optimizing remediation strategies to minimize Cd transfer through agricultural food chains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15030207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:55:34Z","timestamp":1769176534000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mechanistic Pathways Controlling Cadmium Bioavailability and Ecotoxicity in Agricultural Systems: A Global Meta-Analysis of Lime Amendment Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jianxun","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Institute of Geological Survey, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Medical Geology, Nanning 530023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beilei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8018-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142188","article-title":"Cadmium stress in paddy fields: Effects of soil conditions and remediation strategies","volume":"754","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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