{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:27:20Z","timestamp":1786526840371,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"County Council of Ostergotland","award":["RO-12336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO-12336"]}]},{"name":"County Council of Ostergotland","award":["RO-35691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO-35691"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017239","name":"Ingrid Asp foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Linkoping University LiU","award":["2017-02122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-02122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown of immune tolerance influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis, while interferon-\u03b3 (IFN\u03b3) has context-dependent proinflammatory and regulatory roles. In B10.S mice, mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA) emerges within approximately 4 weeks of Hg exposure and is marked by antinucleolar antibody (ANoA) production, polyclonal B-cell activation, and deposition of immune complexes in the kidney. We investigated whether Tregs attenuate HgIA and evaluated IFN\u03b3\u2019s role in this regulation. Female WT and IFN\u03b3\u2212\/\u2212 B10.S mice received HgCl2 or water for 4 weeks until all mice developed ANoA. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs or CD4+CD25\u2212Foxp3\u2212 cells were transferred into HgCl2-exposed WT recipients and monitored for 13 weeks. Compared with Hg-primed non-Tregs, Hg-primed WT Tregs were statistically associated with significantly reduced autoantibody levels, lower IgG1\/IgG2a, and significantly decreased glomerular IgG\/C3c deposition, suggesting that Hg exposure may modulate Treg function. Conversely, both water- and Hg-primed Tregs and non-Tregs from IFN\u03b3\u2212\/\u2212 donors elicited profoundly diminished autoantibody production and renal pathology in recipients. IFN\u03b3\u2212\/\u2212 mice lacked fibrillarin-specific responses, highlighting its requirement for HgIA initiation. While non-Treg transfer failed to suppress HgIA, Treg transfer reduced HgIA and highlighted relevance for immune-regulatory therapies, especially where environmental toxicants may drive autoimmune disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15040298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regulatory T Cells and IFN\u03b3 in Mercury-Induced Autoimmunity: Insights from Adoptive Transfer in B10.S Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3017-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecka","family":"Salw\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Amirhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inflammation and Infection (II), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0379-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Havarinasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology (KKF), Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Linkoping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102266","article-title":"The increasing prevalence of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases: An urgent call to action for improved understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"80","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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