{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1771250433198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Program","award":["2025CSA037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CSA037"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Education Department of Hubei Province","award":["Q20231612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20231612"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Project of Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science","award":["202307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202307"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophage polarization is widely recognized as a pivotal role in the maintenance of liver homeostasis. Lysolecithin (LPC) has previously been associated with hepatoprotective effect. This study aimed to determine whether LPC protected against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury by modulating macrophage polarization. Twenty-four piglets were allocated in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design, involving dietary supplementation (0 vs. 0.01% LPC) and immunological challenge (saline vs. LPS). Animals were euthanized 4 h post-injection, and liver tissues were harvested for analysis. Our findings showed that LPS challenge induced significant liver damage, which was ameliorated by LPC supplementation, as evidenced by improved histological and functional outcomes. LPC counteracted the LPS-induced dysregulation of mRNA expression related to macrophage polarization, including pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, iNOS, and CD80) (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, LPC restored the expression of key metabolic genes involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle (HK2 and IDH) (p &lt; 0.05). Mechanistically, LPC normalized the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway by modulating both mRNA and protein levels of mTOR, S6K1, and HIF-1\u03b1 (p &lt; 0.05). These findings suggest that LPC attenuates LPS-induced liver injury by influencing metabolic and inflammatory pathways, potentially through the inhibiting M1 polarization mediated by glycolysis-related mTOR signaling pathways. Targeting macrophage polarization by LPC may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammatory liver conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15040333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:37:28Z","timestamp":1771245448000},"page":"333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lysolecithin Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Weaned Piglets by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization via the mTOR\u2013Glycolysis Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kui","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centree Bio-Tech (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, School of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuelong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centree Bio-Tech (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, School of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3320-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaokui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88881","article-title":"Liver inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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