{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T01:41:28Z","timestamp":1772847688799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2021423020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2021423020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hebei Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2025081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025081"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Project of the Ministry of Education","award":["202101099001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101099001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold exposure may influence reproductive health through vascular changes, yet its mechanisms remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cold exposure on uterine blood vessels and the expression of the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 gene and protein in adult female SD rats. A primary dysmenorrhea model was established in female Sprague Dawley rats and subjected to continuous cold exposure. Changes in body weight, ear temperature, and estrous cycle were observed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were measured to assess oxidative stress. Uterine tissue morphology was assessed via small animal ultrasound, microcirculation observed using RFLSI imaging, and vascular morphology along with caspase-3 and AMPK expression evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. CD31 and TUNEL double immunofluorescence were used to assess vascular endothelial apoptosis levels. Western blot was used to analyze Bax, BCL-2, and pAMPK\/AMPK expression levels. In vitro injury models were used to treat human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with cold stimulus using the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. RT-PCR quantified Bax, AMPK, p53, and PGC-1\u03b1 expression. Hypothermia-exposed rats exhibited significantly reduced body weight and ear temperature (p &lt; 0.05), prolonged estrous cycle (p &lt; 0.01), and decreased uterine index (p &lt; 0.01), accompanied by reduced SOD and ATP levels (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.05). Ultrasound and flow imaging revealed decreased uterine blood flow velocity in the hypothermia group (p &lt; 0.01). Histomorphology revealed disorganized uterine cell arrangement, reduced uterine vessel count (p &lt; 0.01), and increased mean vessel area (p &lt; 0.01) in cold-exposed uteri. Immunofluorescence detection revealed increased vascular endothelial cell apoptosis (p &lt; 0.05). Western blot results showed that proapoptotic protein Bax was upregulated (p &lt; 0.01), Bcl-2 was downregulated (p &lt; 0.05), p-AMPK and p-AMPK\/AMPK ratio were elevated (p &lt; 0.01) after cold exposure; Rt-qPCR results indicated that Bax and P53 mRNA were increased (p &lt; 0.01), while PGC-1\u03b1 expression was elevated (p &lt; 0.01). Rt-qPCR results showed elevated Bax and p53 mRNA (p &lt; 0.01), along with increased AMPK and PGC-1\u03b1 expression (p &lt; 0.01) in the cold-exposed group. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), compound C attenuated cold-induced effects (p &lt; 0.01) and downregulated Bax and AMPK expression (p &lt; 0.01). Cold exposure exacerbates uterine oxidative stress and energy imbalance, disrupts microcirculatory homeostasis, and induces endothelial cell apoptosis. Excessive phosphorylation of AMPK may co-activate PGC-1\u03b1, jointly contributing to cold-induced uterine dysfunction and exacerbated dysmenorrhea. This study reveals potential signaling pathways underlying cold-induced uterine vascular abnormalities, providing novel theoretical foundations and targeted intervention strategies for the prevention and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15050436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:43:07Z","timestamp":1772808187000},"page":"436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Role of the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 Pathway in Cold-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Apoptosis and Uterine Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sufen","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"},{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojin","family":"La","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns, Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, No.326, Xinshi South Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang 050091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tangshan 063210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1712131","article-title":"Primary Dysmenorrhea: Assessment and Treatment","volume":"42","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7550.1134","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea","volume":"332","author":"Proctor","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"CD001751","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea","volume":"2015","author":"Marjoribanks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"CD002120","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea","volume":"7","author":"Schroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S459584","article-title":"Dysmenorrhea, a Narrative Review of Therapeutic Options","volume":"17","author":"Kirsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, T., Hu, Y., Ma, X., Feng, L., Wang, D., Song, X., Xue, S., Lu, S., and Cheng, X. (2025). Liangfang Wenjing decoction regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis to alleviate uterine microvascular injury in cold-stressed rats. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1649924"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., He, M., Jin, Q., Gao, S., Yang, Z., Zhu, P., Tan, W., and Liu, L. (2024). Mechanism of action of Taohong Siwu decoction in the alleviation of primary dysmenorrhea. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1343179"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Tian, Y., Liu, J., Kou, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, S., and Zhao, Y. (2023). Peony Pollen Protects against Primary Dysmenorrhea in Mice by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response and Regulating the COX2\/PGE2 Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417245"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71240","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71240","article-title":"Supplementation with Curcumin Exhibits Nephroprotective Effects in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, K., and Lu, Y. (2024). Acupuncture modulates the AMPK\/PGC-1 signaling pathway to facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis and neural recovery in ischemic stroke rats. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1388759"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Isongifolene Improves Crohn\u2019s Disease-Like Colitis in Mice by Reducing Apoptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"55","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sichuan Univ. (Med. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5840967","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5840967","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect of Ge-Gen Decoction on a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea: Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics and Bioinformatic Analyses","volume":"2020","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"37","article-title":"Acupoint application therapy alleviates pain by regulating immune function through inhibiting TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB p65 signaling in a primary dysmenorrhea rat model","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acupunt. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c","article-title":"Primary dysmenorrhea: Advances in pathogenesis and management","volume":"108","author":"Dawood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Doyle, C., Ito, J., Ramesh, N., Ernest, D.K., Crespo, N.C., Hsu, F.C., and Oren, E. (2023). Cold Exposures in Relation to Dysmenorrhea among Asian and White Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21010056"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70657","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70657","article-title":"AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 Signaling Pathway: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Strategies from Energy Homeostasis Regulation to Disease Therapy","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113677","article-title":"Protective effects of phosphocreatine against Doxorubicin-Induced cardiotoxicity through mitochondrial function enhancement and apoptosis suppression via AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"144","author":"Qaed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"300","article-title":"Effects of nutritional preparation on HPO axis function and energy metabolism in uterus and ovary of rats exposed to intermittent cold","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusti, A.M.T., Qusti, S.Y., Alshammari, E.M., Toraih, E.A., and Fawzy, M.S. (2021). Antioxidants-Related Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) Gene Variants Analysis in an Obese Population: A Preliminary Case-Control Study. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040595"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-004-0205-7","article-title":"Cold-stress-induced modulation of antioxidant defence: Role of stressed conditions in tissue injury followed by protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation","volume":"48","author":"Sahin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, D., and Yang, Q. (2022). Genetically Encoded ATP Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Cellular ATP Dynamics. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121920"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szmidt, M.K., Granda, D., Sicinska, E., and Kaluza, J. (2020). Primary Dysmenorrhea in Relation to Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status: A Systematic Review of Case-Control Studies. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100994"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacerda-J\u00fanior, F.F., da Silva Souza, P.P., Ferreira, P.B., Diniz, A.F.A., Barros, B.C., da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Correia Silva, M., Alves, A.F., Silva, A.S., and da Silva, B.A. (2025). Primary Dysmenorrhea Induced Using Diethylstilbestrol and Oxytocin Induces Impaired Uterine Reactivity in Virgin Female Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081191"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00584-1","article-title":"Effect of cold stress on ovarian & uterine microcirculation in rats and the role of endothelin system","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.29.1.65","article-title":"Endothelin-1 inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"29","author":"Ikeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8578452","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8578452","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Are Essential for Vasoconstriction upon Cold Exposure","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamar Bashah, N.A., Hamid, A.A., Adam, S.H., Jaffar, F.H.F., Abd Rahman, I.Z., and Mokhtar, M.H. (2025). Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in Female Reproduction: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146833"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Ni, J., Yuan, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, D., and Xiong, Z. (2025). Effects of low-frequency and high-frequency electroacupuncture pretreatment on the COX-2\/mPGES-1\/PGE2 pathway in a rat model of cold-coagulation dysmenorrhea. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1563626"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000239","article-title":"Endothelial functions of platelet\/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31)","volume":"23","author":"Lertkiatmongkol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"prot087221","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot087221","article-title":"Detection of DNA Fragmentation in Apoptotic Cells by TUNEL","volume":"2016","author":"Crowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200102150-00020","article-title":"Signaling through CD31 protects endothelial cells from apoptosis","volume":"71","author":"Evans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5815","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509627112","article-title":"CD31 signals confer immune privilege to the vascular endothelium","volume":"112","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00629-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Czabotar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Yuan, X., Ou, Y., Zhu, X., Cheng, Z., Zhang, P., Wu, X., Meng, Y., and Zhang, L. (2016). The Relationship between the Bcl-2\/Bax Proteins and the Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway in the Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells into Neurons. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163327"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200312030","article-title":"Bcl-2-regulated apoptosis and cytochrome c release can occur independently of both caspase-2 and caspase-9","volume":"165","author":"Marsden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2022.119317","article-title":"Pro-apoptotic complexes of BAX and BAK on the outer mitochondrial membrane","volume":"1869","author":"Wolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-024-01019-w","article-title":"Effect of chronic cold stress on gut microbial diversity, intestinal inflammation and pyroptosis in mice","volume":"80","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.05.032","article-title":"AMPK: Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance","volume":"66","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.95","article-title":"AMPK: Guardian of metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Herzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01014-7","article-title":"Dietary fat supplementation relieves cold temperature-induced energy stress through AMPK-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis in pigs","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2025.104254","article-title":"Intermittent mild cold stimulation ameliorates hypothermic damage to broiler pectoral muscle by modulating the Nrf2\/Keap1\/AREs and AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathways","volume":"133","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"mjac074","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjac074","article-title":"The ARTS of p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.03.003","article-title":"Immune and physiological responses of pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) under cold stress","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/5\/436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:53:30Z","timestamp":1772808810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/5\/436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15050436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15050436","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]}}}