{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:52:59Z","timestamp":1774536779733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pomacea canaliculata, as a significant invasive alien species, poses severe threats to agricultural development. Currently, chemical applications demonstrate notable efficacy in controlling this pest. However, metaldehyde exhibits overly singular toxicity towards P. canaliculata; niclosamide sulfate is not a molluscicide; and fentin acetate is a fungicide. Currently, these findings fail to elucidate the physiological and biochemical effects of the compounds after they enter the P. canaliculata\u2019s body. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of metaldehyde (ME), niclosamide sulfate (NS), and fentin acetate (FA) against P. canaliculata and analyzed the morphological and physiological changes in response to chemical stress. The results indicated that three chemicals exhibited potent molluscicidal activity, especially in the NS treatment group. After 12 h exposure to LC50 concentrations (48 h LC50), the surface area of livers was reduced significantly by 12.1%, 13.9%, and 2.8% compared to the control group, while the kidneys expanded significantly by 6.4%, 3.2%, and 16.7%, respectively. The heart showed marked enlargement by 152.1% and 44.2% under niclosamide sulfate and metaldehyde treatments. The pulmonary sac significantly contracted by 23.6% under niclosamide sulfate stress but expanded by 6.1% under fentin acetate exposure. The stomach enlarged significantly after niclosamide sulfate treatment, whereas it shrank by 2.1% and 5.7% under metaldehyde and fentin acetate treatments, respectively. Metabolomic analysis of liver tissues revealed 553, 99, and 585 differential metabolites compared to the control group, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the metabolism pathway, lysine degradation, and bile secretion are likely related to the response to chemical stress in P. canaliculata. Further examination showed a significant decrease in total protein content and the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) under chemical stress. These findings enhance our understanding of the targeted mechanisms of molluscicides against P. canaliculata. Metaldehyde may exert neurotoxic effects on the P. canaliculata, while niclosamide sulfate may interfere with its respiratory system. Additionally, both chemicals affect metabolic pathways in the snail\u2019s liver, including lipid metabolism and metabolic pathways associated with energy metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights for designing a novel snail control agent and formulating scientific management strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15070529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:50:15Z","timestamp":1774533015000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toxicity Effects and Mechanism of Chemical Stress on Pomacea canaliculata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Huayang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2352","article-title":"Predation of the invasive green crab Carcinus maenas on the edible snail Buccinastrum deforme, targeted as the most important nearshore marine gastropod fishery from Patagonia, Argentina","volume":"69","author":"Zabala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10785","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10785","article-title":"Genetic diversity of a short-ranged endemic terrestrial snail","volume":"13","author":"Gretgrix","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People\u2019s Republic of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences (2003). Notice on issuing the first list of alien invasive species in China, Gazette of the State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djirmay, A.G., Yadav, R.S., Guo, J., Rollinson, D., and Madsen, H. (2024). Chemical Control of Snail Vectors as an Integrated Part of a Strategy for the Elimination of Schistosomiasis\u2014A Review of the State of Knowledge and Future Needs. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9090222"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/09670879409371882","article-title":"The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in Asian rice farming systems: Present impact and future threat","volume":"40","author":"Halwart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Pest Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"978","article-title":"Research progress on Angiostrongylus cantonensis disease","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pathog. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"495","article-title":"Effects of drainage and molluscicide application on the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae), in paddy fields","volume":"42","author":"Wada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Entomol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jia, D.T. (2013). Effects on Growth, Development and Reproduction of Pomacea canaliculata by Three Pesticides. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Guangxi University]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Yang, Z.W., and Qiu, X.Z. (1993). Study on the analytical method of nicotinanilide sulfate in Jinsuisha (a molluscicide). Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control, 224\u2013226."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"28","article-title":"Comparative study on molluscicidal effects of different agents against Pomacea canaliculata in various habitats","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"254","article-title":"Efficacy tests of different molluscicides against Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"43","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hubei Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hu, Z.Q., and Hu, Y.G. (1991). Morphological structure of the Pomacea canaliculata. Chin. J. Zool., 4\u20136."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"535","article-title":"Application of metabolomics of different biological samples in study of OSAHS biomarkers","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. Concepts Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, A., Marsal, S., and Juli\u00e0, A. (2015). Analytical methods in untargeted metabolomics: State of the art in 2015. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00023"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"11523","article-title":"Molluscicidal activity of Nicotiana tabacum extracts on the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3206-5","article-title":"Diversity of structures and properties among catalases","volume":"61","author":"Chelikani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"330","article-title":"Effects of combined exposure to triclosan (TCS) and PCB153 on SOD and MDA in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2008). Efficacy Test Methods and Evaluation of Molluscicide for Pesticide Registration (Standard No. NY\/T 1617-2008)."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"56","article-title":"Effects of formulation content and concentration of metaldehyde on control efficacy against Bradybaena ravida (Benson) on cabbage","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Agrochem."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"66","article-title":"Cloning and expression analysis of cytochrome P450 gene CYP3192A1 from Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"South China Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.109798","article-title":"Mechanism study of the molluscicide candidate PBQ on Pomacea canaliculata using a viscosity-sensitive fluorescent probe","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1862","article-title":"Toxic Effects and Damage Mechanism of Chinese Celery and Acorus Water Extract on Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Acta Hydrobiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"964","article-title":"A comparative study of lung-microscopy and tissue homogenate in detecting Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"22","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. China Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"70","article-title":"Research progress on environmental stress in aquatic animals","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"58","article-title":"Effects of sublethal dose of metaldehyde on activities of AchE, GSTs and MFO in Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"18","article-title":"Research progress of biological and chemical control technologyof Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"44","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. China Plant Prot."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"67","article-title":"Acute toxic effects of glyphosate on Pomacea canaliculata under oxidative sedimentation conditions","volume":"43","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. South China Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Effects of starvation stress on growth, antioxidant system and biochemical substances of Pomacea canaliculata","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Eco-Agric."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"237","article-title":"Enzymological studies on snails under the action of molluscicides","volume":"30","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Schistosomiasis Control"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2026, March 22). Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) [108-01-0] and Selected Salts and Esters NTP, Available online: https:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ntp\/htdocs\/chem_background\/exsumpdf\/dimethylethanolamine_508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argolo, D.S., de Oliveira, L.M.G., Guillemin, G.J., Barreto, G.E., Butt, A.M., Costa, S.L., and Costa, M.d.F.D. (2025). Tryptophan metabolism through the kynurenine pathway in glial cells. Neuroglia, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia6010014"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madireddy, S., and Madireddy, S. (2020). Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Damage in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100742"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"533","article-title":"The histopathological and oxidative stress profiles in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) induced by dietary lead","volume":"78","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor, A., Tankiewicz-Kwedlo, A., Krupa, A., and Pawlak, D. (2021). Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Oxidative Stress during Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071603"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/7\/529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:58:25Z","timestamp":1774533505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/7\/529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15070529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15070529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}}}