{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:45:44Z","timestamp":1787499944552,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program Management Unit for Human Resources and Institutional Development, Research and Innovation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cq4gr50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ixora chinensis Lam. has traditionally been used to treat conditions such as acne, high blood pressure, bleeding, tuberculosis, and rheumatism. This study aimed to investigate the methanolic extract of I. chinensis leaves to determine their bioactive compounds and evaluate their effects on both central and peripheral pain using in vivo and in silico approaches. The GC-MS analysis revealed 41 phytochemicals, including 14 phenolics, 4 esters, 12 terpenoids, 8 alkaloids, and 3 sulfur-containing compounds. In the glucose tolerance test, both the chloroform-soluble fraction (CF) and n-hexane fraction (NHF) exhibited p &lt; 0.05 reductions in blood glucose levels at a dosage of 400 mg\/kg with decreases of 51.94% and 46.63%, respectively, compared to the positive control (64.02%). The central analgesic evaluation showed significant (p &lt; 0.001) enhancements in tail-flick latency for the fraction (184.94%) and CF (170.51%) following 90 min. In the pain relief assay, NHF showed inhibition (64.33%, p &lt; 0.001) followed by an aqueous fraction (57.35%). These pharmacological findings were supported by in silico analysis. Concerning activity, 5-(dimethylamino)-1- acid phenyl ester (\u22128.9 kcal\/mol) and 9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-3-ol (\u22128.4 kcal\/mol) displayed the strongest binding affinity to AMPK. Additionally, 2,3-diphenyl-2-cyclopropen-1-one exhibited favorable interactions with \u03b1-amylase (\u22128.0 kcal\/mol) and \u03b1-glucosidase (\u22128.3 kcal\/mol). Similarly, the central analgesic effect correlated with the strong \u03bc-opioid receptor affinity of s-Triazine, 2-amino-4-(piperidinomethyl)-4-piperidino (\u22128.8 kcal\/mol). N-Methyl-N-(4-toluenesulfonyl)-benzamide (\u22128.6 kcal\/mol) and s-Triazine derivative (\u22128.9 kcal\/mol) demonstrated notable COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition potential. Overall, the findings indicate I. chinensis leaves as a promising source of bioactive compounds with significant antihyperglycemic and analgesic properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15080592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1775641784000},"page":"592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["GC-MS Guided Phytochemical Fingerprinting and Multi-Target Therapeutic Evaluation of Ixora chinensis Lam. Leaves: Insights into Its Hypoglycemic and Analgesic Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Joy","family":"Baisnab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Saiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9964-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Reduanul Haque","family":"Kavey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1927-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M. Yasin","family":"Shourav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7460-215X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Riaz","family":"Hosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1844-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Faysal","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9146-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaikh Shahinur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuwatchakij","family":"Klamrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7466-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunrat","family":"Chaveerach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2672-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakda","family":"Daduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9247-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rasul","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative study of phytochemical composition, oral toxicity, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of both Aloe vera and Aloe vacillans (Asphodelaceae family) flowers extract: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies","volume":"9","author":"Alburyhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Herbal versus synthetic drugs; beliefs and facts","volume":"4","author":"Karimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nephropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"125","article-title":"Evidence-based phytotherapy: What, why and how?","volume":"2","author":"Nahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Phytochem. 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