{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:34:28Z","timestamp":1791646468265,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-PD-24-44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-PD-24-44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S-PD-24-44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-PD-24-44"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gs16m83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic nanocomposite sorbents are increasingly explored for the remediation of metal-contaminated waters; however, high abiotic removal efficiency may not always translate into biological safety. The present study evaluated the single and combined effects of dissolved cobalt (II) ions and magnetite\u2013chitosan nanocomposites (MCN) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae. MCN (30 wt.% Fe3O4) were synthesized via co-precipitation and crosslinking and physiochemically characterized. Adsorption experiments conducted in fish incubation medium demonstrated the efficacy of divalent Co removal and were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum experimental capacity of 20.08 mg g\u22121. The biological endpoints encompassed survival, hatching, heart rate, locomotor behavior, and oxidative stress biomarkers in early-stage zebrafish. The presence of cobalt (II) was found to result in a reduced hatching success rate, the induction of persistent bradycardia, and the occurrence of oxidative stress, as evidenced by a decline in SOD activity and an increase in H2O2 and MDA levels. The study found that MCN alone did not lead to mortality or increase peroxide levels or lipid peroxidation, although a modest decrease in SOD activity was observed. In contrast, combined exposure to cobalt and MCN resulted in significant delayed mortality (&gt;85% at 96 h) and early neuromotor impairment. These findings indicate that high abiotic sorption efficiency alone does not guarantee reduced biological toxicity when nanomaterial\u2013metal interactions occur. Consequently, safety assessments of remediation nanomaterials should explicitly consider nanomaterial\u2013metal interactions and developmental stage-specific biological responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15080624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1776339342000},"page":"624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biological Consequences of Single and Combined Exposure to Magnetite\u2013Chitosan Nanocomposite with Adsorbed Cobalt (II) in Danio rerio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8922-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergej","family":"\u0160em\u010duk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanori\u0173 Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre (NRC), Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danguol\u0117","family":"Montvydien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre (NRC), Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6881-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Butrimien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre (NRC), Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0097-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Bradauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre (NRC), Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1894-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Lujanien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanori\u0173 Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martynas","family":"Talaikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanori\u0173 Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u0119stutis","family":"Ma\u017eeika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanori\u0173 Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4282-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vidas","family":"Pak\u0161tas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanori\u0173 Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justas","family":"Lazutka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017divil\u0117","family":"Jurgel\u0117n\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Scientific Research Institute Nature Research Centre (NRC), Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2025.06.008","article-title":"Innovations in Nanomaterials for Remediation of Heavy Metal\u2212polluted Soil: Advances, Mechanistic Insights, and Future Prospects","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Mater. 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