{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:46:19Z","timestamp":1776854779400,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cXingdian Talent\u201d Industry Innovation Talent Program in Yunnan Province","award":["XDYC-CYCX2022-0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDYC-CYCX2022-0029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gliomas are aggressive brain tumors with poor prognosis. The contribution of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii)-related transcriptional programs to glioma remains unclear. We identified T. gondii infection-related genes from neuroepithelial cell transcriptomes, mapped them to TCGA and CGGA glioma datasets, and validated their expression via RT-qPCR. A prognostic signature (TGRisk) was constructed via Cox and LASSO regression and validated across independent cohorts. Functional, immune, and drug sensitivity analyses were conducted. Forty infection-related genes were identified, enriched in stress responses, microRNA regulation, ribosome biogenesis, and metabolism. The 13-gene TGRisk model significantly separated survival between high- and low-risk groups. A nomogram combining TGRisk with clinical features improved prediction accuracy. High-risk tumors showed immune activation and higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells, Tregs, macrophages, and neutrophils, while low-risk tumors showed enhanced neuronal signaling and NK cell activity. Drug sensitivity prediction suggested low-risk patients were more responsive to temozolomide and bortezomib, whereas high-risk patients were more sensitive to dasatinib and ruxolitinib. We developed a novel T. gongdii infection-related gene signature that stratifies glioma patients by prognosis, immune features, and therapeutic vulnerabilities. These findings suggest host\u2013T. gondii interactions and a potential biomarker for patient stratification and personalized therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15080633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:48:12Z","timestamp":1776412092000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Validation of a Toxoplasma Infection-Associated Risk Model for Prognostic Stratification and Treatment Guidance in Glioma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5523-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Donghai Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qili","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Donghai Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Donghai Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Donghai Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Xiaoshan Donghai Aquaculture Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023","article-title":"Glioblastoma and Other Primary Brain Malignancies in Adults: A Review","volume":"329","author":"Schaff","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33211-2","article-title":"Improving Survival in Molecularly Selected Glioblastoma","volume":"393","author":"Stupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.02.016","article-title":"Single-Cell Landscapes of Primary Glioblastomas and Matched Explants and Cell Lines Show Variable Retention of Inter- and Intratumor Heterogeneity","volume":"40","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.019","article-title":"Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Tumor Microenvironment Changes in Glioblastoma","volume":"41","author":"Hoogstrate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.09.005","article-title":"Challenges in Glioblastoma Research: Focus on the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Bikfalvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.12.003","article-title":"Glioblastoma-Initiating Cell Heterogeneity Generated by the Cell-of-Origin, Genetic\/Epigenetic Mutation and Microenvironment","volume":"82","author":"Kondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. 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