{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:10:24Z","timestamp":1778303424203,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gingival recession is commonly linked to alveolar bone dehiscence, inflammatory burden, traumatic brushing, or excessive orthodontic forces. However, recession is also observed in some patients despite apparently mild or \u201cbiologically acceptable\u201d loading, particularly in thin periodontal phenotypes. Here, we propose the Gingival Creep Failure Theory, a hypothesis-driven conceptual framework in which gingival soft tissues undergo time-dependent viscoelastic deformation (creep) under sustained or repetitive tensile microstrain. Over time, accumulated deformation and microstructural fatigue may reduce recoil capacity and shift the gingival margin apically once tissue-level tolerance is exceeded. Gingival connective tissue is modeled as a fiber-reinforced, fluid-rich viscoelastic composite whose response depends on collagen architecture, cross-linking, proteoglycan-mediated hydration, and vascular support. In thin phenotypes characterized by reduced connective tissue volume and altered extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, creep progression is hypothesized to accelerate, lowering the threshold at which fatigue-related microdamage translates into clinically detectable marginal migration. Evidence from collagenous connective tissue biomechanics supports the plausibility that sub-failure sustained or cyclic loading can produce cumulative deformation and incomplete recovery; however, direct creep\u2013fatigue data for human gingiva remain limited, underscoring the need for targeted validation studies. This hypothesis integrates soft tissue mechanics with periodontal phenotype biology and orthodontic loading patterns and proposes creep and microstructural fatigue as plausible time-dependent contributors to gingival recession in susceptible phenotypes. Because direct in vivo gingival strain and creep\u2013fatigue measurements remain limited, the model should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and in need of targeted clinical and experimental validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15090685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gingival Creep Failure: A Viscoelastic Theory of Recession in Thin Periodontal Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Ewa","family":"Kuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University in Bialystok, ul. Kili\u0144skiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5781-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kotu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3284-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Kawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Sarul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12618","article-title":"Relationship between Buccal Bone and Gingival Thickness Revisited Using Non-Invasive Registration Methods","volume":"27","author":"Younes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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