{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:33:55Z","timestamp":1791999235448,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quan Yang","award":["the Construction of Southern Medicine Germplasm Resource Base for Northern Guangdong (2024B1212060006) and the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Construction of Southern Medicine Germplasm Resource Base for Northern Guangdong (2024B1212060006) and the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding how medicinal plant distributions shift in response to climate change is essential for developing forward-looking conservation strategies. Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm., a tree fern from the family Dicksoniaceae, is not only ecologically significant but also holds considerable medicinal value. Despite its importance, wild populations of this species have been steadily declining due to ongoing habitat loss and unsustainable harvesting. To address this concern, we constructed a multi-model ensemble framework that integrated nine different algorithms, including Generalized Linear Models, various machine learning approaches, and a MaxEnt model optimized through ENMeval using a regularization multiplier of 2 and a feature class of LQH. Using this modeling framework, we simulated the habitat suitability dynamics of C. barometz under current climate conditions (1970\u20132000) and two future periods (2050s and 2090s) across four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585). Our analysis identified water availability and low temperature stress as the primary factors limiting the species\u2019 distribution. The suitable range for precipitation during the driest quarter extends from 3.25 to 640.20 mm, with optimal conditions occurring when precipitation reaches at least 96.84 mm. Annual precipitation suitable for the species lies between 74.58 and 4209.60 mm, and the most favorable range falls between 3834.10 and 4209.60 mm. While the minimum temperature of the coldest month can vary from \u221235.41 to 22.35 \u00b0C, optimal survival requires temperatures of 8.79 \u00b0C or higher. In addition, the species grows best within an annual temperature range of 16.25 to 27.92 \u00b0C, with an optimum around 20.47 \u00b0C. Projections based on the multi model ensemble suggest that future climate warming may lead to a southwestward shift in the centroid of suitable habitat for this species. By the 2090s, under the SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585 scenarios, the centroid shifts southwestward by 331.3 km, 335.1 km, and 180.2 km, respectively. Meanwhile, areas with high habitat suitability are expected to retreat toward mid-to-high elevation zones, especially in southeastern Yunnan, southern Guizhou, and western Guangxi. The effects of different emission pathways vary considerably; under the high-emission SSP585 scenario, the reduction in total suitable area is projected to be more severe and habitat fragmentation more extensive compared to the low-emission SSP126 pathway. In contrast, implementing ambitious emissions reduction measures could play a key role in supporting the long-term stability of C. barometz populations. This study clarifies how this species responds to climate change and the spatial strategies it may adopt, providing a scientific basis and spatial references for conserving its germplasm resources, restoring its habitats, and advancing its sustainable use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15090692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1777458882000},"page":"692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prediction of Potential Habitat Distribution of Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. Under Climate Change Based on a Multi-Model Ensemble Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2080-0710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4967-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1790-1600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvdan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunhua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7816-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station of National Industrial Technology System for Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice & Comprehensive Development for Cantonese Medicinal Materials, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Yunfu Germplasm Resource Management Center, Yunfu 527300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Song, H.X. 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