{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:31:41Z","timestamp":1791923501946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RA 2677\/1-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA 2677\/1-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RA 2677\/1-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA 2677\/1-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTJ-031L0257A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTJ-031L0257A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PTJ-031L0257A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTJ-031L0257A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stiftung f\u00fcr Biomedizinische Alkoholforschung"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04atp4p48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001661","name":"Heidelberg University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038t36y30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and ALD-related mortality are associated with hemolysis, increased erythrophagocytosis, and disturbed iron homeostasis. While macrophage-mediated erythrophagocytosis is well established, we investigated the contribution of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to handling oxidatively damaged or ethanol-primed red blood cells (RBCs) in ALD. Live-cell imaging demonstrated that damaged RBCs were rapidly taken up by SK-HEP1 cells, an endothelial cell line with LSEC-like characteristics, and RBC uptake was associated with induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and activation of its upstream regulator Nrf2. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the scavenger receptor Stabilin-1 attenuated RBC-induced HO-1 expression, supporting a role for Stabilin-1 in efferocytic signaling. Exposure of RBCs to ethanol concentrations as low as 25 mM induced phosphatidylserine externalization and rendered erythrocytes efferocytosis-competent. Lysed RBCs and free hemin elicited comparable oxidative stress responses. In murine models of hemolysis and chronic ethanol feeding, hemoglobin-derived signals were detected within sinusoidal structures showing a diffuse CD206-positive distribution pattern consistent with the sinusoidal scavenger compartment. Similar signals were observed in sinusoidal endothelial regions in human heavy drinkers with clinical signs of hemolysis. Together, these data suggest that LSECs may represent an additional component of RBC clearance in ALD, alongside macrophages and hepatocytes, with implications for hepatic iron handling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15090699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phosphatidylserine-Dependent Clearance of Damaged Red Blood Cells by Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4893-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6165-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaowen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9633-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Dropmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0571-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seddik","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Quena 83523, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4840-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Dooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Hepatology Section, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5655-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alcohol Research, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, April 07). Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/publications\/global_alcohol_report\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, S., and Heilig, M. (2023). Alcohol and Alcohol-Related Diseases, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-32483-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02869.x","article-title":"Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in Europe: A study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry)","volume":"10","author":"Burra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.11.025","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnosis and biomarkers in alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"70","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, S. (2020). Liver Elastography: Clinical Use and Interpretation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40542-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2021-0056","article-title":"Novel insights into alcoholic liver disease: Iron overload, iron sensing and hemolysis","volume":"10","author":"Mueller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103742","article-title":"Evidence for alcohol-mediated hemolysis and erythrophagocytosis","volume":"85","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00008.2013","article-title":"Systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"93","author":"Ganz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20101825","article-title":"Regulation of cellular iron metabolism","volume":"434","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450111009011541","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 and iron in liver inflammation: A complex alliance","volume":"11","author":"Immenschuh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.61.2.748","article-title":"The enzymatic conversion of heme to bilirubin by microsomal heme oxygenase","volume":"61","author":"Tenhunen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.37.1.517","article-title":"The heme oxygenase system: A regulator of second messenger gases","volume":"37","author":"Maines","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2005","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1\/carbon monoxide: From basic science to therapeutic applications","volume":"86","author":"Ryter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912233412607","article-title":"Disorders of iron metabolism","volume":"341","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.12.003","article-title":"Pleiotropic functions of biliverdin reductase: Cellular signaling and generation of cytoprotective and cytotoxic bilirubin","volume":"30","author":"Kapitulnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67358-2","article-title":"Purification and characterization of the major constitutive form of testicular heme oxygenase. The noninducible isoform","volume":"261","author":"Trakshel","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.15.1.8679227","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1: Function, regulation, and implication of a novel stress-inducible protein in oxidant-induced lung injury","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(00)00443-3","article-title":"Gene regulation of heme oxygenase-1 as a therapeutic target","volume":"60","author":"Immenschuh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0063-6","article-title":"Nrf2 controls iron homeostasis in haemochromatosis and thalassaemia via Bmp6 and hepcidin","volume":"1","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.014","article-title":"Signaling to heme oxygenase-1 and its anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential","volume":"80","author":"Paine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132964","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.132964","article-title":"Regulation of tissue iron homeostasis: The macrophage \u201cferrostat\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Winn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klei, T.R., Meinderts, S.M., van den Berg, T.K., and van Bruggen, R. (2017). From the cradle to the grave: The role of macrophages in erythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00073"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2005.05.010","article-title":"The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163","volume":"210","author":"Fabriek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00144-3","article-title":"CD163: A signal receptor scavenging haptoglobin-hemoglobin complexes from plasma","volume":"34","author":"Graversen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawanaka, M., Nishino, K., Kawada, M., Ishii, K., Tanikawa, T., Katsumata, R., Urata, N., Nakamura, J., Suehiro, M., and Haruma, K. (2023). Soluble CD163 is a predictor of fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02786-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.05.014","article-title":"Soluble CD163 from activated macrophages predicts mortality in acute liver failure","volume":"47","author":"Moller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab203","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab203","article-title":"Soluble CD163 identifies those at risk for increased hepatic inflammation & fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S469990","article-title":"Direct ingestion of oxidized red blood cells (efferocytosis) by hepatocytes","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatic Med. Evid. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00558-8","article-title":"Hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis and diseases-diversity, plasticity and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"5215","article-title":"Mechanism for phosphatidylserine-dependent erythrophagocytosis in mouse liver","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523652","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/523652","article-title":"The haptoglobin-CD163-heme oxygenase-1 pathway for hemoglobin scavenging","volume":"2013","author":"Thomsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Impaired hemoglobin clearance by sinusoidal endothelium promotes vaso-occlusion and liver injury in sickle cell disease","volume":"109","author":"Kaminski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.048694","article-title":"A role for activated endothelial cells in red blood cell clearance: Implications for vasopathology","volume":"97","author":"Fens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402242","article-title":"Rapid cell corpse clearance by stabilin-2, a membrane phosphatidylserine receptor","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101378","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 6\u2013mediated crosstalk between endothelial cells and hepatocytes recapitulates the iron-sensing pathway in vitro","volume":"297","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02631017","article-title":"SK HEP-1: A human cell line of endothelial origin","volume":"28","author":"Heffelfinger","year":"1992","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2931","article-title":"SK-Hep1: Not hepatocellular carcinoma cells but a cell model for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Tai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-delta delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.032","article-title":"Mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (the NIAAA model)","volume":"8","author":"Bertola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21748","article-title":"Receptor-mediated endocytosis of immune complexes in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells is mediated by FcgammaRIIb2","volume":"46","author":"Mousavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.5825","article-title":"Novel function of alternatively activated macrophages: Stabilin-1-mediated clearance of SPARC","volume":"176","author":"Kzhyshkowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29770","DOI":"10.4161\/sgtp.29770","article-title":"Rho GTPases as regulators of mitosis and cytokinesis in mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Chircop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small GTPases"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann, A., Putz, F., B\u00fcttner-Herold, M., Hecht, M., Fietkau, R., and Distel, L.V. (2021). Increase in non-professional phagocytosis during the progression of cell cycle. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246402"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3077","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine exposure and red cell viability in red cell aging and in hemolytic anemia","volume":"95","author":"Boas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000086406","article-title":"Mechanisms of suicidal erythrocyte death","volume":"15","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(02)00319-7","article-title":"The mannose receptor family","volume":"1572","author":"East","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39421","article-title":"Animal models of sepsis and sepsis-induced kidney injury","volume":"119","author":"Doi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13482","article-title":"Binge drinking as a risk factor for advanced alcoholic liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Watts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13408","article-title":"Binge drinking and the risk of liver events: A population-based cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Aberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.35","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: Mechanisms of injury and targeted treatment","volume":"12","author":"Louvet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2020.129610","article-title":"Regulatory expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 by 2,2\u2032-dipyridyl","volume":"1864","author":"Noguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-48-3-471","article-title":"Jaundice, hyperlipemia and hemolytic anemia\u2014Herefore unrecognized syndrome associated with alcoholic fatty liver and cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Zieve","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"42","article-title":"The hematological complications of alcoholism","volume":"21","author":"Ballard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol. Health Res. World"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000342534","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of eryptosis","volume":"39","author":"Lang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemother."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2021.103121","article-title":"Quantitative analysis methods for studying fenestrations in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells: A comparative study","volume":"150","author":"Szafranska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00069.2008","article-title":"The response of fenestrations, actin, and caveolin-1 to vascular endothelial growth factor in SK Hep1 cells","volume":"295","author":"Cogger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2023.10.006","article-title":"Coculture model of a liver sinusoidal endothelial cell barrier and HepG2\/C3a spheroids-on-chip in an advanced fluidic platform","volume":"137","author":"Messelmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180628","article-title":"Degradation and intracellular accumulation of a residualizing hyaluronan derivative by liver endothelial cells","volume":"18","author":"McGary","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2230617","article-title":"Studies in vitro on the uptake and degradation of sodium hyaluronate in rat liver endothelial cells","volume":"223","author":"Pertoft","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. J."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/9\/699\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:11:47Z","timestamp":1777608707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/9\/699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15090699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15090699","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]}}}