{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:39:43Z","timestamp":1793385583004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2024NSFSC0849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0849"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2025ZNSFSC1221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZNSFSC1221"]}]},{"name":"Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College","award":["QD2024A12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD2024A12"]}]},{"name":"Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College","award":["QD2024A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QD2024A01"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation","award":["SCJJ24ZD68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCJJ24ZD68"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autotrophic carbon-fixing microbes can assimilate atmospheric carbon dioxide into biomass via the Calvin\u2013Benson\u2013Bassham (CBB) cycle (their primary carbon fixation pathway), thereby reinforcing soil carbon sequestration in the plantation ecosystem; however, the succession of RubisCO-harboring microbial communities across stand ages remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the community succession of microbes carrying the gene encoding RubisCO, a key enzyme in the CBB cycle, across a stand-age chronosequence in a Picea asperata plantation ecosystem. Our results revealed a progressive decrease in microbial \u03b1-diversity and a significant restructuring of community composition with increasing stand age, characterized by an enrichment of Proteobacteria and a concomitant depletion of Actinobacteria. While the Shannon\u2013Wiener index was most strongly correlated with soil total nitrogen content, redundancy analysis identified soil pH as the predominant environmental driver of community turnover, a relationship that was found to be threshold-dependent, with substantial community shifts occurring in response to pH variations of 0.5 to 1.0 units. These findings suggest that sustaining the diversity of RubisCO-harboring microbes in older stands\u2014a process potentially enhanced by soil nitrogen management\u2014provides a viable strategy for augmenting the carbon sequestration capacity of managed forests through targeted microbiome regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15090725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1777860381000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Soil pH and Nitrogen Content Drive the Succession of RubisCO-Harboring Microbial Communities Across Picea asperata Plantation Ages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dehui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grassland Engineering Research Center of Ancient and Notable Trees Protection, The Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaodan","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences (School of Ecological Forestry), Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences (School of Ecological Forestry), Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijun","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Settlements, Mianyang Teachers\u2019 College, Mianyang 621000, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grassland Engineering Research Center of Ancient and Notable Trees Protection, The Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31540-9","article-title":"Global stocks and capacity of mineral-associated soil organic carbon","volume":"13","author":"Georgiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.263.5144.185","article-title":"Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems","volume":"263","author":"Dixon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.01.026","article-title":"A synthesis of change in deep soil organic carbon stores with afforestation of agricultural soils","volume":"296","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x","article-title":"Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks\u2013a meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Don","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(01)00740-X","article-title":"Change in soil carbon following afforestation","volume":"168","author":"Paul","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0557-y","article-title":"Divergent responses of soil organic carbon to afforestation","volume":"3","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38911-w","article-title":"Asymmetry of carbon sequestrations by plant and soil after forestation regulated by soil nitrogen","volume":"14","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15204","article-title":"Metagenomic and 14C tracing evidence for autotrophic microbial CO2 fixation in paddy soils","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, R., Ma, J., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., and Guo, M. (2019). Variability of aboveground litter inputs alters soil carbon and nitrogen in a coniferous\u2013broadleaf mixed forest of Central China. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10020188"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12715","article-title":"Surficial gains and subsoil losses of soil carbon and nitrogen during secondary forest development","volume":"21","author":"Mobley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.107950","article-title":"Rates of dark CO2 fixation are driven by microbial biomass in a temperate forest soil","volume":"150","author":"Akinyede","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14937","article-title":"Dark microbial CO2 fixation in temperate forest soils increases with CO2 concentration","volume":"26","author":"Spohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2017.12.021","article-title":"Significance of dark CO2 fixation in arctic soils","volume":"119","author":"Kotas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1525","article-title":"Multiple Rubisco forms in proteobacteria: Their functional significance in relation to CO2 acquisition by the CBB cycle","volume":"59","author":"Badger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.9.3020-3027.2005","article-title":"Evidence for autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle by members of the \u03b5 subdivision of proteobacteria","volume":"187","author":"Wirsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00935-9","article-title":"Insight into the function and evolution of the Wood\u2013Ljungdahl pathway in Actinobacteria","volume":"15","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152209","article-title":"A fifth pathway of carbon fixation","volume":"318","author":"Thauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02473-10","article-title":"Ecological aspects of the distribution of different autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways","volume":"77","author":"Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.175-184.2005","article-title":"Diversity of green-like and red-like ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase\/oxygenase large-subunit genes (cbbL) in differently managed agricultural soils","volume":"71","author":"Selesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-025-03625-3","article-title":"Abundant and metabolically flexible bacterial lineages underlie a vast potential for rubisco-mediated carbon fixation in the dark ocean","volume":"26","author":"Jaffe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105418","article-title":"Abundance and diversity of carbon-fixing bacterial communities in karst wetland soil ecosystems","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3279","article-title":"Changes in the structure and function of soil prokaryotic communities in subalpine Picea asperata plantations","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Chen, K., Wang, X., Ji, W., Yang, Z., Wang, X., and Li, J. (2024). Response mechanism of CbbM carbon sequestration microbial community characteristics in different wetland types in Qinghai lake. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13050333"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Zeng, Q., Liu, D., and An, S. (2023). Biogeographic distribution of autotrophic bacteria was more affected by precipitation than by soil properties in an arid area. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1303469"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2035","article-title":"Characteristics of soil microbial biomass in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations with different ages in sandy land","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101282","article-title":"Effect of stand age on soil microbial communities of a plantation Ormosia hosiei forest in southern China","volume":"62","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2023.104860","article-title":"Stand age alters fungal community composition and functional guilds in subalpine Picea asperata plantations","volume":"188","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.01.002","article-title":"Changes in plant nitrogen acquisition strategies during the restoration of spruce plantations on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2016.11.002","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the soil amino acid pool and flux following the conversion of a natural forest to a pine plantation on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Bao, S. (2000). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-005-4141-2","article-title":"Distribution of sediment phosphorus fractions in hypertrophic strongly stratified Lake Verevi","volume":"547","author":"Kisand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: An ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.191","article-title":"SeqKit2: A Swiss army knife for sequence and alignment processing","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","article-title":"QUAST: Quality assessment tool for genome assemblies","volume":"29","author":"Gurevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyatt, D., Chen, G.-L., LoCascio, P.F., Land, M.L., Larimer, F.W., and Hauser, L.J. (2010). Prodigal: Prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl158","article-title":"Cd-hit: A fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddy, S.R. (2011). Accelerated profile HMM searches. PLoS Comput. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002195"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"btaf147","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaf147","article-title":"CoverM: Read alignment statistics for metagenomics","volume":"41","author":"Aroney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01101-x","article-title":"Sensitive protein alignments at tree-of-life scale using DIAMOND","volume":"18","author":"Buchfink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2021.03.006","article-title":"TaxonKit: A practical and efficient NCBI taxonomy toolkit","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiaa255","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa255","article-title":"microeco: An R package for data mining in microbial community ecology","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"ggplot2-elegant graphics for data analysis","volume":"77","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-023-01107-2","article-title":"Phyllobacteriaceae: A family of ecologically and metabolically diverse bacteria with the potential for different applications","volume":"69","author":"Mustaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"362","article-title":"Fixation of carbon dioxide by chemoautotrophic bacteria in grassland soil under dark conditions","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B\u2014Soil Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.K., and Lee, J.-S. (2014). The family nakamurellaceae. The Prokaryotes: Actinobacteria, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30138-4_278"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"648","article-title":"Species diversity changes in subalpine coniferous forests of different restoration stages and their effects on soil properties","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"541","article-title":"Short-term effects of low intensity gap based thinning on microclimate and soil nutrients in a spruce plantation","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"126","article-title":"Degradation and regulation of organic matter and nutrient pools in subalpine spruce plantations in alpine mountain area of southwest China","volume":"41","author":"Pang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Pedol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"346","article-title":"Effect of forest litters on soil physical and chemical properties in subapline coniferous forest of western Sichuan","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"385","article-title":"Feature analysis on stand structure of Picea crassifolia and its water and temperature of soil in Dayekou basin of Qilian Mountains","volume":"23","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3505","article-title":"Changes in soil microbial community structure during long-term secondary succession","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"193","article-title":"Changes on community structure and diversity of soil bacterial community during the succession of quercus wutaishanica","volume":"55","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Silvae Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"887","article-title":"Changes of soil bacterial community structure at the secondary successional stages in the Pinus yunnanensis forest","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9516","article-title":"A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil","volume":"359","author":"Oliverio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1890\/05-1839","article-title":"Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Fierer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2015.01.025","article-title":"Microbial hotspots and hot moments in soil: Concept & review","volume":"83","author":"Kuzyakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"109","article-title":"Forest microbiome: Diversity, complexity and dynamics","volume":"41","author":"Baldrian","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13665","article-title":"The response of the soil bacterial community and function to forest succession caused by forest disease","volume":"34","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118473","article-title":"Soil organic matter, nitrogen and pH driven change in bacterial community following forest conversion","volume":"477","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.07.013","article-title":"Soil pH drives the spatial distribution of bacterial communities along elevation on Changbai Mountain","volume":"57","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.11.3383-3384.1991","article-title":"Intracellular pH of acid-tolerant ruminal bacteria","volume":"57","author":"Russell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507535103","article-title":"The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities","volume":"103","author":"Fierer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/9\/725\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:35:43Z","timestamp":1777862143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/9\/725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15090725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15090725","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]}}}