{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:25:20Z","timestamp":1791228320311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Samsun University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit, Samsun, Turkey","award":["BAP.TIP.5501.2024.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAP.TIP.5501.2024.001"]}]},{"award":["BAP.TIP.5501.2024.001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAP.TIP.5501.2024.001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02brte405","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor commonly used to treat various psychiatric disorders, may adversely affect female reproductive function. Although apigenin has been shown to ameliorate reproductive abnormalities and ovarian dysfunction, its effect on paroxetine-induced reproductive toxicity in females remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the potential protective effects of apigenin against paroxetine-induced reproductive alterations in female rats. Female rats with regular estrous cycles were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 9 per group): control, apigenin, paroxetine, and paroxetine + apigenin. The rats received saline, apigenin (20 mg\/kg), paroxetine (10 mg\/kg), or their combination by oral gavage once daily for about 29 consecutive days. Compared with paroxetine treatment alone, apigenin co-administration restored decreased serum anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) levels, enhanced PAS reactivity in the zona pellucida, reduced ovarian iNOS immunoreactivity, increased follicle and corpus luteum numbers, and increased ovarian VEGF immunoreactivity. However, apigenin administration alone was associated with reduced testosterone levels and alterations in certain ovarian and uterine histological features in female rats. In conclusion, the findings suggest that apigenin may ameliorate paroxetine-induced reproductive alterations in female rats by modulating AMH levels, follicle and corpus luteum numbers, and ovarian histochemical and molecular parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15100740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:07:16Z","timestamp":1778274436000},"page":"740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Apigenin Attenuates Paroxetine-Induced Ovarian Alterations in Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-2362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazife","family":"Ulker Ertugrul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, 55080 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugrul","family":"Ertugrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feyza","family":"Keskin Buyukbudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Gokdere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Center, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem Sedef","family":"Dogru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6834-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serife","family":"Tutuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55200 Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Canpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35220 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2013.03.003","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure","volume":"28","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top. 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