{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:41:41Z","timestamp":1784302901132,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is initiated by dysbiotic biofilms and maintained by a host who is permissive to inflammation resulting in continuous destruction of periodontal supporting structures. Periodontitis occurs frequently with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the broader cardiometabolic risk state leading to investigations into the common immunometabolic pathways that link these conditions. Adiponectin, an insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory adipokine which can also act as a vasculoprotective and bone-related factor, has been studied as a potential modulator of the relation between periodontal inflammation and systemic metabolic disturbance. This narrative review summarizes the biology of adiponectin and its receptors, human findings relating to both the local and circulating forms of adiponectin in periodontal health and disease, the mechanism in cell and animal models and translational implications and limitations. The literature was reviewed in a narrative manner with particular attention to study quality, compartment-specific biology and any conflicts in evidence and the difference between biological plausibility and clinical relevance. A tendency for a reduction in the circulating, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid levels of adiponectin in periodontitis in human studies, particularly those with co-existing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, can be demonstrated but these finding are often disparate due to variable methods in case definitions, assay techniques, metabolic background of subjects and other confounders. Experimental findings may establish biological plausibility by linking adiponectin signalling with the mechanisms which affect inflammatory responses, endothelial function and matrix homeostasis, osteoclastogenesis and subsequent alveolar bone loss, although adiponectin signalling appears context-specific in its actions and this does not confirm clinical relevance. Evidence suggests adiponectin is a biologically significant, but context-dependent factor within the immunometabolic network which connects periodontal disease with the systemic condition, rather than a sole marker or clinically recognized target for therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15100746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:07:16Z","timestamp":1778274436000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Adiponectin in Periodontitis: A Narrative Review of Biology, Human Evidence, Mechanistic Models and Translational Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Martyna","family":"Mochol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u0142odzimierz","family":"Dura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maike","family":"Lodigkeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Andrzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2567-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Lipski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3044-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Mazurek-Mochol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111358","article-title":"The role of adiponectin in periodontitis: Current state and future prospects","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Obesity and Oral Health: The Link Between Adipokines and Periodontitis","volume":"20","author":"Hsueh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Jia, R., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Mei, Y., Zou, R., Niu, L., and Dong, S. (2023). Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on cytokines\/adipocytokines levels among periodontitis patients with or without obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03383-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Guo, B., Gan, X., Zhang, L., He, Y., Liu, B., Chen, X., Zhang, S., and Yu, H. (2017). Association of circulating leptin and adiponectin with periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0395-0"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13263","article-title":"Association of adipokine levels with obesity in periodontal health and disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"59","author":"Kandaswamy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601913010526","article-title":"Obesity and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review on Current Evidence and Putative Molecular Links","volume":"13","author":"Sbordone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szumilas, K., Szumilas, P., S\u0142uczanowska-G\u0142\u0105bowska, S., Zgutka, K., and Pawlik, A. (2020). Role of Adiponectin in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218265"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2010.533286","article-title":"A low ratio of high molecular weight adiponectin to total adiponectin associates with periodontal status in middle-aged men","volume":"16","author":"Nagano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kie\u0142bowski, K., Bakinowska, E., Ostrowski, P., Pala, B., Gromowska, E., Gurazda, K., Dec, P., Modrzejewski, A., and Pawlik, A. (2023). The Role of Adipokines in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076390"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2009.01222.x","article-title":"Expression levels of adiponectin receptors and periodontitis","volume":"45","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01467.x","article-title":"Adiponectin regulates functions of gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells","volume":"47","author":"Iwayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796565","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/796565","article-title":"Beneficial effects of adiponectin on periodontal ligament cells under normal and regenerative conditions","volume":"2014","author":"Nokhbehsaim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20192668","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20192668","article-title":"Adiponectin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and promotes osteogenesis in hPDLCs","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13242","article-title":"Lipotoxicity: The missing link between diabetes and periodontitis?","volume":"59","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.924","article-title":"Effect of periodontal treatment on adipokines in type 2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Ogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-020-09273-4","article-title":"Can Periodontal Disease Be Considered Linked to Obesity and Lipoinflammation? Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis Occurrence","volume":"18","author":"Nicolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Meng, S., Tu, Q., Yu, L., Tang, Y., Dard, M.M., Kim, S.-H., Valverde, P., Zhou, X., and Chen, J. (2014). Adiponectin ameliorates experimental periodontitis in diet-induced obesity mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097824"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518818449","article-title":"An Adiponectin Receptor Agonist Reduces Type 2 Diabetic Periodontitis","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12969","article-title":"A novel adiponectin receptor agonist (AdipoAI) ameliorates type 2 diabetes-associated periodontitis by enhancing autophagy in osteoclasts","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3887","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1355_24","article-title":"Assessment of Serum Adiponectin and Leptin in Chronic Periodontitis Over Healthy Individuals","volume":"16","author":"Preethanath","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e380","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin and TNF-\u03b1 serum levels in obese and normal weight Peruvian adults with and without chronic periodontitis","volume":"7","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.150583","article-title":"Effect of Periodontitis on Adiponectin, C-Reactive Protein, and Immunoglobulin G Against Porphyromonas gingivalis in Thai People With Overweight or Obese Status","volume":"87","author":"Thanakun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"952636","article-title":"Serum Ratio of Leptin to Adiponectin in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2014","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Biomark."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120254","article-title":"Local and circulating levels of adipocytokines in obese and normal weight individuals with chronic periodontitis","volume":"84","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay\u0131rl\u0131, A.B., Uytun, M., T\u00fcrki\u015f, F.C., Saruhan, E., and Keceli, H.G. (2025). Salivary Biomarker Profile in Periodontal Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study on Leptin, Adiponectin, and Calprotectin. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222822"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sales-Peres, S.H.C., Houghton, J., Meira, G.F., de Moura-Grec, P.G., Brienze, S.L.A., Karim, B.A., and Carpenter, G.H. (2023). Salivary Adiponectin and Albumin Levels on the Gingival Conditions of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20075261"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1178","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_318_21","article-title":"Evaluation of Adiponectin and Resistin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis Before and After Treatment: A Clinico-Biochemical Study","volume":"13","author":"Fairlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023ss0417","DOI":"10.31893\/multiscience.2023ss0417","article-title":"Depicting the levels of resistin and adiponectin in GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) in chronic periodontitis subjects before and following treatment","volume":"5","author":"Borah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_1_18","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Leptin and Adiponectin in Obese Individuals with Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"9","author":"Boyapati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, H.G., Idris, S.B., Mustafa, M., Ahmed, M.F., \u00c5str\u00f8m, A.N., Mustafa, K., and Ibrahim, S.O. (2015). Impact of Chronic Periodontitis on Levels of Glucoregulatory Biomarkers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127660"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2522","article-title":"Impact of Weight Reduction on Adiponectin and TNF-\u03b1 Levels in the Gingival Crevicular Fluids of Obese Patients with and without Periodontal Disease","volume":"20","author":"Vivekannada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varma, S., Thomas, B., Subrahmanyam, K., Duarte, K., Alsaegh, M.A., Gopinath, D., Kuriadom, S.T., Narayanan, J., Desai, V.B., and Khair, A.M.B. (2024). Salivary levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in periodontitis patients with and without acute myocardial infarction: Implications for cardiovascular risk assessment. Front. Oral Health, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1332980"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140266","article-title":"Effects of scaling and root planing on clinical response and serum levels of adipocytokines in patients with obesity and chronic periodontitis","volume":"86","author":"Feres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0090","article-title":"Glycemic control and adipokines after periodontal therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090267","article-title":"Adipokines and inflammatory mediators after initial periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis","volume":"81","author":"Buduneli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5166","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, insulin resistance and metabolic control after periodontal intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103112","article-title":"Periodontal status and whole salivary adipokines after scaling and root planing with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in obese patients with periodontitis","volume":"40","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Zhang, X., Yang, A., Guo, Y., Dong, S., Wang, L., Zhang, N., and Zhou, H. (2025). Periodontal therapy mitigates inflammation via TNF-\u03b1 reduction and improves glycolipid metabolism in diabetic patients: A cross-sectional cohort study. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1668695"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.4737","article-title":"Adipokines: Diagnostic and prognostic markers for oral diseases","volume":"73","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03678-7","article-title":"Evaluation of adipokines and inflammatory mediator expression levels in patients with periodontitis and peri-implantitis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Isler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e034","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0034","article-title":"Adipokine gene variability and plasma levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: A case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Janos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.05.014","article-title":"Interactions among moderate\/severe periodontitis, ADIPOQ-rs1501299, and LEPR-rs1137100 polymorphisms on the risk of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population","volume":"103","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0142uczanowska-G\u0142abowska, S., Staniszewska, M., Marchlewicz, M., Duchnik, E., \u0141uczkowska, K., Safranow, K., Machali\u0144ski, B., and Pawlik, A. (2023). Adiponectin, Leptin and Resistin in Patients with Psoriasis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020663"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16633","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16633","article-title":"The relationship between leptin and periodontitis: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2011.41.3.149","article-title":"Effect of globular adiponectin on interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozak, M., Poniewierska-Baran, A., Czerewaty, M., \u0141uczkowska, K., Safranow, K., Mazurek-Mochol, M., Machali\u0144ski, B., and Pawlik, A. (2025). Effect of Adiponectin on the Expression of Selected Cytokines in Periodontal Ligament Cells. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14040321"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16103","article-title":"The adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoAI attenuates periodontitis in diabetic rats by inhibiting gingival fibroblast-induced macrophage migration","volume":"180","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/10\/746\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:15:10Z","timestamp":1778274910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/10\/746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15100746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15100746","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]}}}