{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:40:19Z","timestamp":1785426019607,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB 50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB 50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/145654\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145654\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UIDB 50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB 50006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SFRH\/BD\/145654\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/145654\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grupo de Estudos da Doen\u00e7a Inflamat\u00f3ria Intestinal"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["336 2017\/17027-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["336 2017\/17027-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["336 2017\/17027-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["336 2017\/17027-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE and ACE2) are key components of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) and are present in the gastrointestinal tract and intestinal content, preserving their catalytic activity, and may interact with the gut microbiota. The present study aimed to determine the origin of fecal ACE and ACE2 activity. Fecal pellets from germ-free, ACE and ACE2 knockout (KO) mice, and from the corresponding controls were analyzed using fluorimetric enzyme activity assays. ACE activity was assessed using Hippuryl-His-Leu and Z-Phe-His-Leu as substrates; ACE2 activity was assessed using Mca-APK (Dnp), with and without the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760. Germ-free mice showed increased fecal ACE and ACE2 activity compared to controls. ACE2-KO mice lacked fecal ACE2 activity, whereas ACE activity was unaffected. In ACE-KO mice, fecal ACE activity was reduced, but not abolished, while ACE2 activity remained similar to controls. In ACE C- and N-domain KO mice, ACE activity was similar to controls, and inhibition with captopril completely abolished fecal ACE activity using Hippuryl-His-Leu, but not Z-Phe-His-Leu, in those animals. These findings indicate that fecal ACE and ACE2 activity results from combined intestinal shedding and microbiota-related mechanisms, supporting a modulatory role of the gut environment on luminal RAAS activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15100776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:12:08Z","timestamp":1779455528000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fecal ACE and ACE2 Activities Reflect Intestinal Shedding and Microbiota Modulation of Renin\u2013Angiotensin System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Ferreira-Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, 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L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Alenina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Delbr\u00fcck Center (MDC), 13092 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5435-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen 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