{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:09:54Z","timestamp":1785409794868,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005853","name":"University of Chile","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FIOUCh 2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIOUCh 2023-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["FIOUCh 2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIOUCh 2023-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047gc3g35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1201385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1201385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1241661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["1201385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1201385"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1241661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1241661"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ap3w078","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DFG INST 276\/851-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG INST 276\/851-1 FUGG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["DFG INST 276\/851-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG INST 276\/851-1 FUGG"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In condylar hyperplasia (CH), one of the condylar processes of the mandible (CPs) grows more than its counterpart, leading to facial asymmetry. Using a mouse model of asymmetric masticatory loading, we investigated a possible mechanical origin of CH by evaluating the association between morphometric parameters of CP cartilage and bone and the mandibular load regime. Thirty-nine adult male and female mouse hemimandibles that underwent different loading regimes were used: underloaded (UL), overloaded (OL), and symmetrically loaded (SL) controls. Micro-CTs were used to assess macroscopic shape and trabecular bone (TB) parameters, and articular cartilage features were studied histologically. Data were compared using multivariate and pairwise statistics. Principal component analysis showed that OL CPs exhibit a wide range of shape variation and show thicker cartilage but display TB features indicative of ongoing remodeling. Female OL tended to show more variable and larger parameters than males. However, differences in traits between sexes and load groups were not always statistically significant. We conclude that an asymmetric increase in mandibular loading may be associated with changes in the macro-\/microscopic structure of the CP, affecting males and females differently. Signs of cartilage growth and bone remodeling are found in OL individuals, which are compatible with CH features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15100809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T05:33:54Z","timestamp":1779687234000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microscopic and Geometric Changes in the Mandibular Condylar Head in Response to Subtle Secondary Overload: In Search of a Mechanical Origin of Condylar Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2265-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Toro-Ibacache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia 8320000, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"},{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Borja Arriar\u00e1n, Santa Rosa 1234, Santiago 8320000, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2286-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Buvinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia 8320000, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Balanta-Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B # 36-00, Cali 760032, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia 8320000, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Olivos 943, Independencia 8320000, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Miranda-Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Av. Bernardo O\u2019Higgins 340, Santiago 8320000, Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3931-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Botton-Divet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologie, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Philipptrasse 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Nyakatura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Biologie, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Philipptrasse 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-9389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Iturriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Regi\u00f3n de la Araucan\u00eda, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4106-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9lgica","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Regi\u00f3n de la Araucan\u00eda, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Regi\u00f3n de la Araucan\u00eda, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.07.001","article-title":"Histologic findings and related diagnostic methods in condylar hyperactivity","volume":"50","author":"Espinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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