{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:52:27Z","timestamp":1785433947605,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009569","name":"Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Regi\u00f3n de Murcia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Direcci\u00f3n General del Mar Menor, Consejer\u00eda de Medio Ambiente, Universidades, Investigaci\u00f3n y Mar Menor (CARM), Project \u201cCr\u00eda ex situ de Pinna nobilis y creaci\u00f3n del Banco de Especies prote-gidas y singulares del Mar Menor\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Direcci\u00f3n General del Mar Menor, Consejer\u00eda de Medio Ambiente, Universidades, Investigaci\u00f3n y Mar Menor (CARM), Project \u201cCr\u00eda ex situ de Pinna nobilis y creaci\u00f3n del Banco de Especies prote-gidas y singulares del Mar Menor\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Direcci\u00f3n General del Mar Menor, Consejer\u00eda de Medio Ambiente, Universidades, Investigaci\u00f3n y Mar Menor (CARM), Project \u201cCr\u00eda ex situ de Pinna nobilis y creaci\u00f3n del Banco de Especies prote-gidas y singulares del Mar Menor\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Direcci\u00f3n General del Mar Menor, Consejer\u00eda de Medio Ambiente, Universidades, Investigaci\u00f3n y Mar Menor (CARM), Project \u201cCr\u00eda ex situ de Pinna nobilis y creaci\u00f3n del Banco de Especies prote-gidas y singulares del Mar Menor\u201d"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024cw0321","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As part of conservation efforts for Pinna nobilis, a critically endangered bivalve endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, laboratory programs have been developed to maintain and breed specimens. However, progress in the ex situ conservation of the species remains limited and challenging. This study aims to advance the knowledge required to establish effective reproductive protocols for P. nobilis, specifically focusing on the population in the Mar Menor lagoon, one of the last two surviving populations along the Spanish coast. The first phase of this study involved characterizing the reproductive events in the lagoon. Subsequently, two ex situ reproduction experiments were conducted under conditions designed to replicate the lagoon\u2019s natural environment. Three reproductive events were detected in the lagoon between 2019 and 2022, and five successful spawning events occurred across the two ex situ experiments. The conditions for maintenance, maturation, and induction of the individuals are described. In all cases, the percentage of fertilized oocytes released was remarkably high, suggesting internal fertilization, but not self-fertilization, within the pallial cavity. Additionally, ex situ individuals exhibited simultaneous hermaphroditism, with synchronous maturation and alternating release of gametes, effectively preventing self-fertilization. These findings represent a significant step forward in understanding the reproductive biology of P. nobilis and contribute to efforts aimed at ensuring the species\u2019 long-term survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15110847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:08:02Z","timestamp":1780535282000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in the Knowledge of the Reproductive Processes of the Critically Endangered Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Cort\u00e9s Melendreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarium of the University of Murcia, University of Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6905-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"},{"name":"Marine Research Centre of Santa Pola, University of Alicante, 03130 Santa Pola, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Vera Ingl\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarium of the University of Murcia, University of Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarium of the University of Murcia, University of Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Crespo Montalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarium of the University of Murcia, University of Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0533-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Torquemada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"},{"name":"Marine Research Centre of Santa Pola, University of Alicante, 03130 Santa Pola, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5603-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Mart\u00ednez Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarium of the University of Murcia, University of Murcia, 30002 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5220-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Gim\u00e9nez Casalduero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"},{"name":"Marine Research Centre of Santa Pola, University of Alicante, 03130 Santa Pola, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2017.05.006","article-title":"First haplosporidan parasite reported infecting a member of the Superfamily Pinnoidea (Pinna nobilis) during a mortality event in Alicante (Spain, Western Mediterranean)","volume":"148","author":"Darriba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inv. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsanevakis, S., Carella, F., \u00c7inar, M.E., \u010ci\u017emek, H., and Jimenez, C. (2021). The fan mussel Pinna nobilis on the brink of extinction in the Mediterranean. Imperiled: The Encyclopedia of Conservation, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821139-7.00070-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49808-4","article-title":"Tracking a mass mortality outbreak of pen shell Pinna nobilis populations: A collaborative effort of scientists and citizens","volume":"9","author":"Mourre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2018.07.006","article-title":"Haplosporidium pinnae sp. nov.; a haplosporidan parasite associated with mass mortalities of the fan mussel, Pinna nobilis, in the Western Mediterranean Sea","volume":"157","author":"Catanese","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37217-y","article-title":"A mycobacterial disease is associated with the silent mass mortality of the pen shell Pinna nobilis along the Tyrrhenian coastline of Italy","volume":"9","author":"Carella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231186737","article-title":"Multipathogen infections and multifactorial pathogenesis involved in noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis) mass mortality events: Background and current pathologic approaches","volume":"60","author":"Carella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carella, F., Prado, P., De Vico, G., Palic, D., Villari, G., Garcia-March, J.R., Tena-Medialdea, J., Cort\u00e9s Melendreras, E., Gim\u00e9nez-Casalduero, F., and Sigovini, M. (2023). A widespread picornavirus affects the hemocytes of the noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis), leading to its immunosuppression. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1273521"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"BOE (2024, February 01). Orden TEC\/1078\/2018, de 28 de Septiembre, por la que se Declara la Situaci\u00f3n Cr\u00edtica de Cistus Heterophyllus Carthaginensis, Lanius Minor, Margaritifera Auricularia, Marmaronetta Angustirostris, Mustela Lutreola, Pinna Nobilis y Tetrao Urogallus Cantabricus en Espa\u00f1a, y se Declaran de Inter\u00e9s General las Obras y Proyectos Encaminados a la Recuperaci\u00f3n de Dichos Taxones. Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/o\/2018\/09\/28\/tec1078."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kersting, D., Benabdi, M., \u010ci\u017emek, H., Grau, A., Jimenez, C., Katsanevakis, S., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, B., Tuncer, S., Tunesi, L., and V\u00e1zquez-Luis, M. (2019). Pinna\u00a0nobilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/160075998\/160081499."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735167","article-title":"Growth of juvenile Pinna nobilis in captivity conditions: Dietary and pathological constraints","volume":"522","author":"Prado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2022.126221","article-title":"Point pattern analysis as a tool for assessing disease spread and population features in remaining sanctuaries of the critically endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis","volume":"68","author":"Prado","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Babio, C., and Navarro T\u00e1rrega, J.C. (September, January 31). Aportaciones al estudio del zoobentos del Mar Menor (Murcia). 9. Mollusca. Libro de res\u00famenes. Proceedings of the VI Congreso Bienal de la Real Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Historia Natural, Real Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Historia Natural, Santiago de Compostela, Spain."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13468","article-title":"Pinna nobilis in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon: A story of colonization and uncertainty","volume":"652","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Pro. Ser."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-\u00c1lvarez, M., Gomariz-Castillo, F., and Alonso-Sarr\u00eda, F. (2021). Evapotranspiration response to climate change in semi-arid areas: Using random forest as multi-model ensemble method. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13020222"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"101720","article-title":"The emergent fouling population after severe eutrophication in the Mar Menor coastal lagoon","volume":"44","author":"Sandonnini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114376","article-title":"The relict population of Pinna nobilis in the Mar Menor is facing an uncertain future","volume":"185","author":"Murcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/izy.12159","article-title":"Contributions of zoos and aquariums to reintroductions: Historical reintroduction efforts in the context of changing conservation perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Zoo Yearb."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70565","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70565","article-title":"Handling of the bivalve Pinna nobilis, endangered and pathogen-affected species, for controlled reproduction: Precautions taken","volume":"14","author":"Ferranti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.4009","article-title":"Reproduction of the endangered fan mussel Pinna nobilis under natural and captivity conditions","volume":"33","author":"Hernandis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2017.10.015","article-title":"Adult spawning and early larval development of the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis","volume":"483","author":"Trigos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Joaquim, S., Matias, D., and Moreno, \u00d3. (2008). Cultivo de Bivalvos en Criadero: Cultivo de Bivalves en Maternidade, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Formaci\u00f3n Agraria y Pesquera."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Giese, A.C., and Pearse, J.S. (1974). Reproduction of marine invertebrates: I. Acoelomate and Pseudocoelomate Metazoans, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Helm, M.M., Bourne, N., and Lovatelli, A. (2006). Cultivo de bivalvos en criadero. Manual Pr\u00e1ctico; FAO Documento T\u00e9cnico de Pesca\u2019 471, FAO."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"351","article-title":"Bivalves","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Tompa","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Mollusca; Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.41.1.30158483","article-title":"The relationships among food, temperature, and gonad development of the bay scallops Aequipecten irradians Lamarck","volume":"41","author":"Sastry","year":"1968","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"839","article-title":"Ciclo reproductivo del molusco Atrina maura (Pterioidea: Pinnidae) en un sistema lagunar costero, al sur del Pac\u00edfico tropical mexicano","volume":"55","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.1645","article-title":"Reproductive investment of the fan mussel Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 in Cabrera National Park (Spain)","volume":"18","author":"Deudero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"159","article-title":"Temperature","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Hedgpeth","year":"1957","journal-title":"Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"301","article-title":"The effects of temperature and salinity on marine and brackish water animals. I. Temperature","volume":"1","author":"Kinne","year":"1963","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/1538408","article-title":"Temperature requirements for maturation of gonads of northern oysters","volume":"103","author":"Loosanoff","year":"1952","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400000102","article-title":"Sea-temperature, breeding and distribution in marine animals","volume":"12","author":"Orton","year":"1920","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"39","article-title":"The effect of temperature on the reproductive maturity of the penshell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Bivalvia: Pinnidae)","volume":"20","author":"Valdez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Shellfish. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Robles-Mungaray, M., Serrano-Guzm\u00e1n, S.J., and Hoyos-Chaires, F. (1996). Cultivo de larvas y semillas de callo de hacha Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) en el CREMES de Bah\u00eda Kino. Son. M\u00e9xico. Res\u00famenes del XI Simposium Internacional de Biolog\u00eda Marina, Universidad de Sonora."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, V.M., and Bellido, J.M. (2016). Mar Menor: Una laguna singular y sensible. Evaluaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica de su Estado, Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad. Temas de Oceanograf\u00eda, 9."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2007.05.007","article-title":"The Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular natural ecosystem threatened by human activities","volume":"54","author":"Conesa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s-Melendreras, E., Mart\u00ednez Ortega, E., and Gimenez-Casalduero, F. (2018). Estudios preliminares para el desarrollo de protocolos de mantenimiento en sistema cerrado de nacra (Pinna nobilis), poblaci\u00f3n Mar Menor. Informe T\u00e9cnico Comisi\u00f3n de Seguimiento de Pinna nobilis, Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Regi\u00f3n de Murcia, CARM."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s-Melendreras, E. (2023). Avances en Acuariolog\u00eda y Conservaci\u00f3n de Especies Marinas. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Murcia]. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10201\/135944."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"366","article-title":"Temperature regulates the switch between light-synchronized and unsynchronized activity patterns in the subtidal bivalve Pinna nobilis","volume":"19","author":"Hernandis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Sanmart\u00edn, M., Catanese, G., Grau, A., Valencia, J.M., Garc\u00eda-March, J.R., and Navas, J.I. (2019). Real-Time PCR based test for the early diagnosis of Haplosporidium pinnae affecting fan mussel Pinna nobilis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229548"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandis, S., Ibarrola, I., Tena-Medialdea, J., V\u00e1zquez-Luis, M., Garc\u00eda-March, J.R., Prado, P., and Albentosa, M. (2022). Scope for growth and dietary needs of Mediteranean Pinnids maintained in captivity. BMC Zool., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850-022-00141-w"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dame, R.F. (1993). Feeding physiology of bivalves: Time-dependence and compensation for changes in food availability. Bivalve Filter Feeders, Springer. Nato ASI Series.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-78353-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.102076","article-title":"Effect of microalgae diet and culture system on the rearing of bivalve mollusks: Nutritional properties and potential cost improvements","volume":"51","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/10641269908951362","article-title":"A review of the nutritional requirements of bivalves and the development of alternative and artificial diets for bivalve aquaculture","volume":"7","author":"Knauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.09.038","article-title":"The effect of microalgal diets on growth, biochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein) juveniles","volume":"263","author":"Beaumont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2011.02799.x","article-title":"The effects of sperm\u2013egg ratios on polyspermy in the blood clam, Tegillarca granosa","volume":"43","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2983\/035.034.0223","article-title":"Reproductive and larval performance of the fan mussel Atrina maura in relation to the origin and condition of broodstock","volume":"34","author":"Saucedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Shellfish Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2024.107265","article-title":"Looking for the surviving optimal areas for the threatened species Pinna nobilis in a highly anthropized coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain)","volume":"255","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2018.01.011","article-title":"Drivers of shell growth of the bivalve, Callista chione (L. 1758)\u2013Combined environmental and biological factors","volume":"134","author":"Purroy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"22","article-title":"El colapso del Mar Menor: Historia de una joya ecol\u00f3gica maltratada","volume":"106","year":"2020","journal-title":"M\u00e8tode Rev. Difus. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayne, B.L. (1976). Aspects of reproduction in bivalve molluscs. Estuarine Processes, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-751801-5.50043-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.1991.9672157","article-title":"Is reproduction mainly regulated by temperature or photoperiod in Pecten maximus?","volume":"19","author":"Paulet","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invertebr. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(84)90270-9","article-title":"Regulation of maturation and spawning of an abalone, Haliotis (Gastropoda) by external environmental factors","volume":"39","author":"Uki","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Leal Soto, S.D. (2010). Cultivo Experimental del Callo de Hacha: Atrina maura (Sowerby: 1835) en dos Ambientes Ecol\u00f3gicos de la Costa de Sonora, M\u00e9xico. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Sonora]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(03)00323-X","article-title":"Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on reproductive output and larval growth of bivalves","volume":"296","author":"Hendriks","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12301","article-title":"Influence of one selected Tisochrysis lutea strain rich in lipids on Crassostrea gigas larval development and biochemical composition","volume":"22","author":"Petton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(87)90170-0","article-title":"Preliminary observations on the nutritional value of \u2018Tahiti Isochrysis\u2019 to bivalve larvae","volume":"62","author":"Helm","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.1990.tb00532.x","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of three cultured algal species (Isochvysis galbana, Chaetoceros gracilis and Chaetoceros calcitrans) used as food for bivalve larvae","volume":"21","author":"Napolitano","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.02.006","article-title":"A novel peptide identified from visceral ganglia induces oocyte maturation, spermatozoa active motility, and spawning in the fan mussel Atrina pectinata","volume":"598","author":"Funayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Robles-Mungaray, M. (2004). Desarrollo de la Biotecnolog\u00eda para la Producci\u00f3n de Semilla en Laboratorio, Diploide y Triploide, de Callo de Hacha Atrina Maura (Sowerby, 1835). [Doctoral Dissertation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California Sur]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-019-04137-5","article-title":"Breeding, planktonic and settlement factors shape recruitment patterns of one of the last remaining major populations of Pinna nobilis within Spanish waters","volume":"847","author":"Prado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosling, E. (2003). Bivalve Molluscs Biology, Ecology and Culture, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470995532"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"20","article-title":"Notes on the general condition of Mytilus edulis L. of the Southwestern 613 coast of Finland","volume":"1","author":"Pekkarinen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bivalve Stud. Finl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-1136(96)00104-3","article-title":"Morphological alterations in the digestive diverticula of Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) from polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan","volume":"44","author":"Syasina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.09.012","article-title":"Impact assessment of agricultural inputs into a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain) on transplanted clams (Ruditapes decussatus) by biochemical and physiological responses","volume":"142","author":"Campillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.1995.tb00400.x","article-title":"Temperature effects on photosynthesis and depth distribution of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon: The Mar Menor (SE Spain)","volume":"16","author":"Terrados","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Mart\u00edn, M.\u00c1. (2023). Understanding Nutrient Loads from Catchment and Eutrophication in a Salt Lagoon: The Mar Menor Case. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4524659"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Knop, D. (1996). Giant Clams: A Comprehensive Guide to the Identification and Care of Tridacnid Clams, D\u00e4hne Verlag."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/11\/847\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:12:55Z","timestamp":1780632775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/11\/847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15110847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15110847","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}