{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:13Z","timestamp":1785413593236,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010034","name":"Walailak University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WU-CIA-07208\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU-CIA-07208\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["WU-CIA-07208\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU-CIA-07208\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b69g067","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circadian regulation has emerged as an important modulator of ocular growth; however, its role in organizing retina\u2013choroid transcriptomic responses during myopia development remains incompletely understood. In this study, we reanalyzed publicly available retinal and choroidal RNA-seq datasets from chick models of form-deprivation myopia using a multistage machine learning framework. A biologically motivated ZT8\/12 circadian window was defined from prior published time-of-day transcriptomic evidence and evaluated using feature selection, cross-tissue and cross-stage validation, and external validation in an independent retinal dataset. Machine learning models classified the ZT8\/12 window with high performance across onset and progression datasets, and control analyses indicated that this signal reflects a broad transcriptome-wide temporal state rather than a pattern unique to the 53-gene signature. The final gene signature is therefore interpreted as a stable representative subset of the ZT8\/12-associated expression state. Cross-species functional enrichment and ortholog mapping suggested hypothesis-generating functional relationships between chicken genes and human orthologs. Overall, this work provides a computational framework for evaluating time-associated expression patterns in myopia and highlights circadian timing as a candidate component of retina\u2013choroid biology requiring further functional validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15110849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:08:02Z","timestamp":1780535282000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circadian Transcriptomic Dynamics Identify Transferable Retina\u2013Choroid Expression Patterns in Myopia Development via Multistage Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5519-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akarapon","family":"Watcharapalakorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Optometry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3832-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teera","family":"Poyomtip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Optometry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-8767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patarakorn","family":"Tawonkasiwattanakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Optometry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1665-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Putri Krishna Kumara","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Division, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Singaraja 81116, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9015-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thotsapol","family":"Thomrongsuwannakij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9406-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanakamol","family":"Mahawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center for Theoretical Simulation and Applied Research in Bioscience and Sensing, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.01.001","article-title":"Retinovascular physiology and pathophysiology: New experimental approach\/new insights","volume":"31","author":"Puro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. 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