{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:23Z","timestamp":1785403643004,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32073005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32073005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32073005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32073005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Technical System of Fish Industry","award":["SDAIT-12-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-12-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The innate immune response is a critical defense mechanism by which vertebrates recognize and eliminate invading pathogens. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling pathways. NOD1, a classic PRR of the NLR family, recruits the adaptor protein RIPK2 to initiate antibacterial signaling. In this study, we cloned and characterized the NOD1 gene from snakehead (Channa argus). Briefly, the full-length NOD1 cDNA is 2829 bp encoding 943 amino acids, showing high homology with Perciformes. The qPCR analysis revealed widespread NOD1 gene expression in various tissues, with significant upregulation in the gill (p &lt; 0.05) and spleen (p &lt; 0.05) following bacterial infection. Overexpression of the NOD1 gene activated the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and specifically responded to the bacterial ligand iE-DAP but not to other tested ligands. Furthermore, NOD1 synergized with the downstream adaptor RIPK2 to enhance NF-\u03baB activity, and direct protein interaction between NOD1 and RIPK2 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that snakehead NOD1 plays a critical role in the host antimicrobial immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15120942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and Immune Function of NOD1 in Snakehead (Channa argus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Beibei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Qidu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zibo 255400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9094-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jining Fishery Development and Resource Conservation Center, Jining 272000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02264-1","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors: Function, Regulation and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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