{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:22:41Z","timestamp":1787908961549,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":282,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human fertility has declined sharply since 1950, and a growing body of evidence suggests that while conventional socioeconomic factors are well-established drivers of the broader demographic transition, they do not fully account for the timing and breadth of this trend. This review examines the Circadian-Light-Hygiene hypothesis, which proposes that daily light exposure is a fundamental regulator of reproductive health. We synthesize findings from photobiology, endocrinology, reproductive medicine, and epidemiology to evaluate how artificial light at night, insufficient daytime light, and irregular light\u2013dark patterns may disrupt the hormonal timing systems that support reproduction. The available evidence indicates that such disruption can alter melatonin signaling, circadian gene regulation, and neuroendocrine rhythms, with downstream effects on ovulation, sperm quality, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, pregnancy outcomes, and developmental programming. Urbanization, screen use, and shift work appear to amplify these effects, while genetic variation may modify individual susceptibility. Although direct causal evidence in humans remains limited for several endpoints, the convergence of observational, experimental, and translational data supports circadian-light misalignment as a plausible, additional modulator of fertility decline, and a potentially modifiable contributor. Optimizing daily light exposure may therefore represent a low-cost and scalable strategy for improving reproductive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15131023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:54:42Z","timestamp":1782694482000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Circadian-Light-Hygiene Hypothesis: A Potential Modulator of Fertility and Birthrate Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2028-1033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Gubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Tyumen Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory for Chronobiology and Chronomedicine, Research Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technologies, Tyumen Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia"},{"name":"Tyumen Cardiology Research Centre, Subunit of Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, 625026 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0199-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Engineering and Architecture, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6048 Horw, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germaine","family":"Cornelissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"Touitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Chronobiologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Fertility and Forecasting Collaborators (2024). 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