{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:23:11Z","timestamp":1785424991693,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32160861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32160866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32002389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32160861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160861"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32160866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160866"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32002389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002389"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2023 Hainan Province\u2019s Key Research and Development Project","award":["ZDYF2022XDNY331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2022XDNY331"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intestine, particularly the gut microbiota, and the liver play key roles in digestion, nutrient transformation, and immune regulation in fish. However, limited information is available regarding how different ornamental fish species regulate these systems under identical aquaculture conditions. Therefore, this study systematically compared gut microbiota diversity, structural variation, and predicted ecological functions among eight ornamental fish species reared in the same environment, using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing combined with digestive enzyme indices and histological analysis of intestinal and liver tissues. The results showed that goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp exhibited efficient digestive and absorptive capacities, supported by a thickened muscularis and prominent mucosal layers (p &lt; 0.001). High goblet cell density was observed in red swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) and Mickey Mouse platy (Xiphophorus hellerii \u00d7 X. maculatus) (p &lt; 0.001). Larger hepatocyte perimeter and area were observed in red swordtail (p = 0.022, p = 0.015), whereas platinum mini parrot cichlid and sapphire mini parrot cichlid showed significant hepatocyte vacuolization. Microbial analysis showed that the eight fish species had similar \u03b1 diversity indices, while the gut microbial profiles of Mickey Mouse platy and golden crucian carp differed the most. At the genus level, beneficial taxa such as Lactococcus, Paracoccus, and Cetobacterium were significantly enriched in red swordtail, sailfin molly, and goldfish, respectively, whereas opportunistic pathogens, including Edwardsiella, Aeromonas, and Acinetobacter, were enriched in Mickey Mouse platy, sapphire mini parrot cichlid, and golden crucian carp, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Functional prediction based on KEGG pathways indicated that sailfin molly and Mickey Mouse platy exhibited the broadest functional enrichment, primarily involving amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and antibiotic biosynthesis. Crucian carp and golden crucian carp showed higher activity in amino acid biosynthesis and glycolysis\/gluconeogenesis pathways. The two parrot cichlid species were characterized by enrichment in biofilm formation pathways of pathogenic bacteria and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways. Goldfish and red swordtail were mainly associated with quorum sensing and ABC transporter pathways. These results provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing aquaculture conditions for ornamental fish and improving fish health and production efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15131043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:56:55Z","timestamp":1782838615000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Morphological Characteristics, Histological Tissue Structures, and Intestinal Function Among Eight Ornamental Fish Species Under Identical Aquaculture Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Aquatic Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiun-Yan","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University (Singapore Campus), 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minyi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Aquatic Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaojie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Aquatic Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences\/Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Marine Fishery Resources, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation for Tropical Marine Bioresources, Ministry of Education, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002489900158","article-title":"Bacterial interactions in early life stages of marine cold water fish","volume":"38","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. 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