{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:35:28Z","timestamp":1785429328171,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["Nos. ZR2024QB122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. ZR2024QB122"]}]},{"name":"the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["Nos. ZR2024QE448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. ZR2024QE448"]}]},{"name":"Research Program of Qilu Institute of Technology","award":["No. QIT23TP011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. QIT23TP011"]}]},{"award":["No. QIT23TP011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. QIT23TP011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015egth93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 82202240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 82202240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Nos. 82202240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 82202240"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging viral diseases continue to pose major challenges to global health, creating demand for materials that can support pathogen control, diagnosis, and therapy. Owing to their tunable structures and versatile biointerfaces, metal\u2013organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing attention in anti-pathogen applications. While previous studies have often focused on individual functions such as catalysis, biosensing, or drug delivery, a broader perspective on the functional development of MOF-based systems remains limited. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in MOF-enabled pathogen inactivation, diagnostic biosensing, host-directed intervention, and virus-inspired therapeutic platforms. Emerging opportunities in antiviral drug discovery and artificial intelligence-assisted materials design are also discussed. In addition, key challenges associated with structural stability, biosafety, scalable fabrication, and clinical translation are highlighted. This Review provides an overview of current progress and outlines perspectives for the future development of MOF-based anti-pathogen technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15131053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:50:33Z","timestamp":1782924633000},"page":"1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Programmable Metal\u2013Organic Framework Biointerfaces Against Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiewen","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhe","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehao","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green and Intelligent Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life and Health Sciences, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuncheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Leng","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenbin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huizi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruodan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan 250300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"0005321","article-title":"The Baltimore Classification of Viruses 50 Years Later: How Does It Stand in the Light of Virus Evolution?","volume":"18","author":"Koonin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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