{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:41:56Z","timestamp":1786250516258,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Shanxi Province Project","award":["202203021222138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222138"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016833","name":"Yuncheng University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YQ-2024028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ-2024028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016833","name":"Yuncheng University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YQ-2024001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ-2024001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016833","name":"Yuncheng University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YY-202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YY-202402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["YQ-2024028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ-2024028"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qt1g669","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YQ-2024001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ-2024001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qt1g669","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YY-202402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YY-202402"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qt1g669","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinization is a serious threat to agricultural productivity and organic carbon cycling; however, the mechanisms by which carbon fractions and microbial metabolism regulate organic carbon sequestration remain unclear. This research investigated the effects of four sites (S1\u2013S4) along a salinity gradient on microbial carbon metabolism, carbon fractions (particulate organic carbon, POC; mineral-associated organic carbon, MAOC), and bacterial and fungal communities in a typical saline\u2013alkali soil. The results showed that, as the salt\u2013alkali level increases, microbial growth, respiration, and carbon utilization efficiency (CUE) all exhibit a gradually decreasing trend, with CUE declining by 34.0% at S4 relative to S1. CUE was strongly negatively correlated with the soil pH, EC, and soluble salts, but showed a logarithmic rise with SOC, reaching a maximum of 0.47 near 8 g kg\u22121. Both POC and MAOC decreased alongside the salt\u2013alkali level, the proportion of MAOC in SOC (52.04\u201355.02%) was significantly higher than that of POC (44.98\u201347.96%), and there was a significant positive linear correlation with SOC and CUE. Under high salinity, the 16S rRNA gene copy number decreased by up to 28.8%, while the ITS copy number remained stable. As the salt and alkali levels increased, bacterial Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota showed an increasing trend, whereas fungal communities remained dominated by Ascomycota. Furthermore, correlation analyses revealed that bacterial Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria, and fungal Basidiomycota and Chytridiomycota play crucial roles in carbon cycling. Random forest modeling (RFM) and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) also revealed that saline\u2013alkali soil properties strongly affect 16S rRNA gene abundance and microbial respiration; carbon fractions and CUE exerted a strong positive direct effect on SOC, whereas microbial respiration had a negative effect. These findings demonstrate that saline\u2013alkali stress restricts SOC sequestration primarily by weakening microbial activity and community function, with CUE playing only an indirect role. In conclusion, enhancing the POC and MAOC pools and improving the microbial carbon turnover efficiency may be more effective strategies for mitigating carbon loss and sustaining SOC stocks in saline\u2013alkali soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15161335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T08:01:36Z","timestamp":1786089696000},"page":"1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulatory Mechanism of Carbon Fractions and Microbial Metabolism on Organic Carbon Turnover in Saline\u2013Alkali Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5205-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaling","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2317332121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317332121","article-title":"Negative correlation between soil salinity and soil organic carbon variability","volume":"121","author":"Hassani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2024.03.063","article-title":"Saline-alkali land reclamation boosts topsoil carbon storage by preferentially accumulating plant-derived carbon","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2025.109835","article-title":"High soil salinity reduces straw decomposition but primes soil organic carbon loss","volume":"207","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.146017","article-title":"Location-optimized remediation measures for soil multifunctionality and carbon sequestration of saline-alkali land in China","volume":"519","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2024.109699","article-title":"Changes in microbial carbon cycling functions along rice cultivation chronosequences in saline-alkali soils","volume":"202","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2026.107088","article-title":"Straw plus straw interlayer alter soil organic carbon and bacterial community in a saline-alkali soil from the Yellow River Delta","volume":"259","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156608","article-title":"14-year applications of chemical fertilizers and crop straw effects on soil labile organic carbon fractions, enzyme activities and microbial community in rice-wheat rotation of middle China","volume":"841","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2021.103364","article-title":"Effects of salinity on microbial utilization of straw carbon and microbial residues retention in newly reclaimed coastal soil","volume":"107","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2014.11.001","article-title":"Salt effects on the soil microbial decomposer community and their role in organic carbon cycling: A review","volume":"81","author":"Rath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0313-8","article-title":"Linking bacterial community composition to soil salinity along environmental gradients","volume":"13","author":"Rath","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00225\u2013318","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00225-18","article-title":"Salinity is a key determinant for soil microbial communities in a desert ecosystem","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-0743-9","article-title":"Response of microbial activity and community structure to decreasing soil osmotic and matric potential","volume":"344","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-016-1126-4","article-title":"Rice straw addition does not substantially alter microbial properties under hypersaline soil conditions","volume":"52","author":"Iqbal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.180362","article-title":"Elevated salinity decreases soil multifunctionality by driving bacterial community structure and network complexity","volume":"1000","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedobi.2024.150997","article-title":"Assessment of microbial diversity in various saline soils driven by salt content","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pedobiologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, C., Yan, K., Zhai, J., Sun, L., Wang, J., Shen, M., Liu, M., and Wang, Q. (2026). Properties and ecological assembly mechanisms of microbial communities across salinity levels in coastal saline-alkaline soils. BMC Plant Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-026-08391-3"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172786","article-title":"Salinity decreases the contribution of microbial necromass to soil organic carbon pool in arid regions","volume":"930","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2024.109547","article-title":"Decoupling Soil Community Structure, Functional Composition, and Nitrogen Metabolic Activity Driven by Salinity in Coastal Wetlands","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.5152","article-title":"Microorganisms facilitated the salinealkali soil remediation by biochar: Soil properties, microbial communities, and plant responses","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.Q., Chai, Y.H., Wang, X.S., Huang, L.Y., Luo, X.M., Qiu, C., Liu, Q.H., and Guan, X.Y. (2021). Bacterial community in saline farmland soil on the Tibetan plateau: Responding to salinization while resisting extreme environments. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02190-6"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01050\u201323","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01050-23","article-title":"Metagenomic assembled genomes indicated the potential application of hypersaline microbiome for plant growth promotion and stress alleviation in salinized soils","volume":"9","author":"Dindhoria","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24192-8","article-title":"Particulate organic matter as a functional soil component for persistent soil organic carbon","volume":"12","author":"Witzgall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2022.108780","article-title":"Particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon turnover revealed by modelling their long-term dynamics","volume":"173","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0484-6","article-title":"Soil carbon storage informed by particulate and mineral-associated organic matter","volume":"12","author":"Cotrufo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17015","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17015","article-title":"Impacts of tree species diversity on microbial carbon use efficiency","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2016.03.008","article-title":"Soil microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover in a long-term fertilization experiment in a temperate grassland","volume":"97","author":"Spohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06042-3","article-title":"Microbial carbon use efficiency promotes global soil carbon storage","volume":"618","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2016.01.016","article-title":"Microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover times depending on soil depth-Implications for carbon cycling","volume":"96","author":"Spohn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.235","article-title":"The physiology and ecological implications of efficient growth","volume":"9","author":"Roller","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.10.006","article-title":"Growth explains microbial carbon use efficiency across soils differing in land use and geology","volume":"128","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15584","article-title":"Biological mechanisms may contribute to soil carbon saturation patterns","volume":"27","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13980","article-title":"Nitrogen limitation of decomposition and decay: How can it occur?","volume":"24","author":"Averill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2025.106145","article-title":"Fertilization decreases microbial CUE via enhancing soil properties and microbial respiration in coal mine reclamation area","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bao, S.D. (2000). Agricultural Chemical Analysis of Soil, China Agriculture Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1992.03615995005600030017x","article-title":"Particulate soil organic matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence","volume":"56","author":"Cambardella","year":"1992","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencingreads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"Dada2: High-resolution sample inference from illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malal, H., Garcia, J.A., Marrs, A., Ait Hamza, M., Emerson, C., Nocco, M., Lakhtar, H., and Lazcano, C. (2025). Organic and inorganic fertilizers modulate the response of the soil microbiome to salinity stress. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1551586"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wu, T., Zhao, J., Li, J., Xie, H., Wang, L., and Wu, L. (2025). Differentiated Microbial Strategies in Carbon Metabolic Processes Responding to Salt Stress in Cold-Arid Wetlands. Land, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/land14081607"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2025.110075","article-title":"Divergent soil organic carbon accrual from plant and microbial sources across ecosystem types in a hyper-arid oasis-desert ecotone","volume":"397","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Agr. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2004.10408544","article-title":"Microbial eco-physiology of degrading aral sea wetlands: Consequences for C-cycling","volume":"50","author":"Mamilov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nut."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125086","article-title":"Organic amendments enhance rhizosphere carbon stabilization in macroaggregates of saline-sodic soils by regulating keystone microbial clusters","volume":"380","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14859","article-title":"Conceptualizing soil organic matter into particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change in the 21st century","volume":"26","author":"Lavallee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.105","article-title":"The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4276","article-title":"Distinct stabilization characteristics of organic carbon in coastal salt-affected soils with different salinity under straw return management","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2025.106550","article-title":"Green manure roots return drives saline-alkali soil organic carbon accumulation via microbial necromass formation","volume":"251","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soil Till. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-025-00205-9","article-title":"Subsurface application of organic ameliorant in saline soils increases microbial necromass accumulation in mineral-associated organic matter","volume":"4","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Chang, F., Yang, H., Sun, Y., Li, Z., Li, J., Liu, N., and Hao, Z. (2026). Patterns of soil microbial diversity, assembly, and co-occurrence along a natural salinity gradient in an inland saline\u2013alkali wetland. Microorganisms, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14071602"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2025.106245","article-title":"Enhanced microbial network stability and biogeochemical cycles in saline-alkali soil through simplified prokaryotes and complex fungal networks","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X.L., Wang, X.Y., Zhang, N., and Li, B.X. (2022). Biogeographical patterns and assembly of bacterial communities in saline soils of Northeast China. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091787"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.06.015","article-title":"Microbial diversity and functions in saline soils: A review from a biogeochemical perspective","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2025.108869","article-title":"Microbial strategies regulate organic carbon accumulation in saline paddy soils: A millennium chronosequence","volume":"252","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00158","article-title":"Diverse Plant-Associated Pleosporalean Fungi from Saline Areas: Ecological Tolerance and Nitrogen-Status Dependent Effects on Plant Growth","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12113","article-title":"Carbon use efficiency of microbial communities: Stoichiometry, methodology and modelling","volume":"16","author":"Sinsabaugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70047","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.70047","article-title":"Dilemmas in linking microbial carbon use efficiency with soil organic carbon dynamics","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."}],"container-title":["Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/16\/1335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:15:01Z","timestamp":1786248901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-7737\/15\/16\/1335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biology15161335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology15161335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-7737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-7737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}