{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:42:09Z","timestamp":1786250529346,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013805","name":"Shanxi Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YZGC2026129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZGC2026129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["YZGC2026129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZGC2026129"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05e9f5362","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project on Precise Identification of Foxtail Millet, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","award":["22260213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22260213"]}]},{"award":["22260213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22260213"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ckt8b96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins, commonly known as G proteins, act as core molecular switches in plant signal transduction, governing multiple biological processes including plant growth, development, phytohormone signaling, and abiotic stress adaptation. In this study, a total of 12 G-protein-related genes were identified in foxtail millet, consisting of six G\u03b1 subunit-encoding genes, one G\u03b2 subunit-encoding gene, and five G\u03b3 subunit-encoding genes. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses showed that members classified into the same subunit clade possessed highly conserved exon\u2013intron organization and motif distribution, indicating evolutionary structural conservation within each G-protein subfamily. Promoter Cis-acting element analysis revealed that all G-protein family genes harbored light-responsive elements, as well as multiple regulatory elements associated with phytohormone signaling and abiotic stress responses. Transcriptome analysis showed that different G-protein genes exhibited distinct expression patterns under salt stress. Notably, Si\u03b1XLG2 exhibited drastically induced expression upon salt stress, which serves as a pivotal candidate gene for salt-stress response in foxtail millet. Collectively, this study provides a systematic characterization of the G-protein gene family and offers candidate gene resources for further elucidating G-protein-mediated salt-stress regulatory mechanisms in foxtail millet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15161339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:44:53Z","timestamp":1786103093000},"page":"1339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-Wide Identification of the Heterotrimeric G-Protein Gene Family and Its Transcriptional Response to Salt Stress in Foxtail Millet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiuyan","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9907-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shike","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6155-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.110484","article-title":"Integrated approaches for managing soil salinization: Detection, mitigation, and sustainability","volume":"229","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. 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