{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:27:04Z","timestamp":1787113624375,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFD2401205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD2401205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory","award":["SML2024SP003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SML2024SP003"]}]},{"name":"Earmarked fund","award":["CARS-47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-47"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012428","name":"Central Public Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023TD57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD57"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"earmarked fund for HNARS","award":["HNARS-10-G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNARS-10-G01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated ammonia nitrogen significantly reduces the survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei under low-salinity conditions. Low-salinity culture is widely adopted in shrimp farming but susceptible to ammonia accumulation; however, relevant studies mainly focus on juvenile shrimp under single stress or normal salinity. With the aim of exploring how L. vannamei responds physiologically and molecularly to elevated ammonia nitrogen after low-salinity adaptation, shrimp were gradually acclimated to 5\u2030 salinity. They were reared at 5\u2030 for one week before being exposed to high levels of ammonia nitrogen for 96 h. Under these conditions, the shrimp\u2019s hepatopancreas showed antioxidant imbalance and oxidative damage. Elevated blood ammonia, urea nitrogen and uric acid reflected activated synthesis pathways that clear excess ammonia. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling at 12, 48, and 96 h revealed 112 DEGs and pronounced alterations in lipids and amino acid derivatives. Integrated gene-metabolite correlation analysis uncovered three core pathways, along with 11 key DEGs and 17 associated metabolites. In the secretion pathway, solute carrier family 4 (anion exchanger),member 2 (slc4a3) was strongly correlated with saquinavir and carnitine. In the metabolism pathway, nicotinamide\/nicotinate riboside kinase (nmrk1), chitinase (chia), Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt1), UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (gale), and spermine oxidase (smox) were linked to L-pyroglutamic acid, betaine, etc. In the immune pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8\/9\/10 (bsk) and integrin beta 1 (cd29) were associated with leukotriene E4 and niacin. This study reveals that ammonia stress after low-salinity acclimation induces oxidative stress damage, elevated physiological changes in L. vannamei, and further elucidates the regulatory pathways underlying its response to ammonia nitrogen stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15161394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:12:56Z","timestamp":1786713176000},"page":"1394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Insights into Ammonia-Nitrogen Stress in the Hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei Acclimated to Low Salinity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8571-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangyang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qibin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yucheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.08.014","article-title":"New insights into the regulation mechanism of Litopenaeus vannamei hepatopancreas after lipopolysaccharide challenge using transcriptome analyses","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"101149","article-title":"Rapid adaptive and acute stimulatory responses to low salinity stress in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): Insights from integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis","volume":"48","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp. 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