{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:33:43Z","timestamp":1787585623181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China","award":["2025LZGC033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025LZGC033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1302004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1302004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Modern Agricultural Technology System Donkey Industrial Innovation Team","award":["SDAIT-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-27"]}]},{"name":"Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry Project of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","award":["19211162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19211162"]}]},{"award":["19211162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19211162"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ckt8b96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, Identification of Candidate Genes Affecting Milk Production Performance in Dezhou Donkeys Using Integrated GWAS and WGCNA Approaches","award":["ZR2023QC048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QC048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) represents a critical genetic locus that orchestrates adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation and T cell activation, characterized by exceptional polymorphism and species-specific diversity. In herbivores, MHC polymorphisms constitute fundamental determinants of resistance to parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections while serving as crucial indicators of genetic diversity and breeding value in animal populations. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, single-cell omics, and population genetics have substantially advanced understanding of MHC gene structure, allelic polymorphism, evolutionary patterns, and associations with disease susceptibility and vaccine responsiveness. This comprehensive review systematically examines the structural characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of MHC genes, their associations with infectious disease resistance, their role in vaccine responses, and their practical applications in molecular breeding programs, conservation genetics, and immunological research. We identify current technical limitations and outline future research directions to establish a robust theoretical foundation for disease resistance breeding and immune regulation strategies in herbivore populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research Progress on the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Herbivores: Structure, Genetics, and Disease Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Manna","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zahoor","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changfa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-458X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.213538.116","article-title":"Sequences of 95 human MHC haplotypes reveal extreme coding variation in genes other than highly polymorphic HLA class I and II","volume":"27","author":"Norman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D860","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1050","article-title":"IPD-MHC 2.0: An improved inter-species database for the study of the major histocompatibility complex","volume":"45","author":"Maccari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"499","article-title":"Studies on the genetic and antigenic basis of tumour transplantation Linkage between a histocompatibility gene and\u2019fused\u2019in mice","volume":"135","author":"Gorer","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. 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