{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T12:17:18Z","timestamp":1787833038504,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aquaculture Breeding and Seedling Technology Innovation Center Project of Zhoushan","award":["2025Y001-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Y001-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2401900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2401900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD2401905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2401905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is an economically important marine fish species in China, yet regional variation in its gut microbial community structure and functional characteristics remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to characterize and compare the gut microbiota of farmed large yellow croaker across five representative aquaculture regions. Intestinal microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by analyses of microbial diversity, taxonomic composition, predicted bacterial phenotypes, co-occurrence networks, and environmental associations. The five cultured populations shared a broadly similar microbial community structure dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes, whereas the relative abundance of several dominant taxa varied among regions. Alpha-diversity differences were mainly associated with community evenness and dominance rather than estimated richness. Although regional samples partially overlapped in ordination analyses, the aquaculture region explained 41.4% of the variation in gut microbial composition, indicating significant region-associated differentiation. Predicted microbial characteristics were comparatively similar among cultured populations, despite variation in taxonomic composition, while microbial network organization also differed across regions. Environmental variables showed clearer associations with water microbiota than with gut microbiota, and local aquaculture water represented a detectable but limited potential source of intestinal microorganisms. Overall, farmed large yellow croaker maintained a shared gut microbial community structure but exhibited region-associated variation in community composition and predicted bacterial phenotypes. These findings provide a regional baseline for understanding gut microbial variation in farmed large yellow croaker under different aquaculture conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:58:21Z","timestamp":1787828301000},"page":"1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regional Variation in Gut Microbial Community Structure and Predicted Phenotypic Characteristics of Farmed Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyang Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Wenzhou 325400, China"},{"name":"Pingyang Branch of Wenzhou Ecological Environment Bureau, Environmental Protection Building, No. 269 Huishuihe Road, Kunyang Town, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangyang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyang Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Wenzhou 325400, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyang Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Wenzhou 325400, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0257-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyang Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Wenzhou 325400, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7339-3931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyang Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Wenzhou 325400, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyang Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Wenzhou 325400, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Guo, D., Shen, Y., Bao, J., and Jin, L. 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