{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T05:15:37Z","timestamp":1788066937295,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00x0ma614","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soybean is the main oilseed crop cultivated worldwide and is important for human and animal nutrition. The duration of flowering, the reproductive period, and maturity is determined by genetic factors and influenced by environmental conditions, including temperature, photoperiod, precipitation, soil type, and crop management, which affect yield and regional adaptation. However, important gaps remain in understanding how soybean lines from different relative maturity groups respond to these conditions, particularly regarding the effects of temperature and precipitation on phenological development across growing seasons. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the behavior of soybean populations and the environmental effect on the phenological cycle of the crop. Two populations were developed from biparental crosses with contrasting RMG values among the parental cultivars. The E2 population, comprising 150 lines, originated from the cross BMX Pot\u00eancia RR (RMG 6.7) \u00d7 BMX Energia RR (RMG 5.3), whereas the E3 population, comprising 80 lines, originated from BRS 245 RR (RMG 7.3) \u00d7 BRS 278 RR (RMG 9.4). The populations were evaluated over four growing seasons using an augmented block design, and the traits were analyzed using mixed models with environmental covariates. REML\/BLUP methodology was used to estimate genetic parameters and predict genotypic values, enabling the selection of dual-purpose lines combining earliness and high yield. Higher temperatures and lower precipitation were associated with shorter phenological periods, whereas higher precipitation and lower temperatures were associated with longer periods. Population E2 showed more consistent associations with temperature and precipitation, whereas Population E3 showed weaker or nonsignificant associations for some traits, particularly NDM. These population-specific responses may be relevant for the selection of soybean lines in breeding programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:27:46Z","timestamp":1787920066000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenological Development, Environmental Effects, and Selection of Soybean Lines from Crosses with Contrasting Relative Maturity Groups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eryadison Fl\u00e1vio Bonifacio de","family":"Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dard\u00e2nia Soares","family":"Cristeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyce Carla Rodrigues","family":"Moitinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Manoel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, \u201dLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Davi Souza Della","family":"Libera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0158-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Pinto","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Matheus Siqueira de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-0934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jardel da Silva","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), S\u00e3o Paulo State University \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Alliprandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Crop Science, Rol\u00e2ndia 86600-000, PR, 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