{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:17:11Z","timestamp":1788430631916,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32001929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001929"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32001929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001929"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research and Development of Microbial Soil Remediation Agents for Saline\u2013alkali Soil","award":["3180126022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3180126022"]}]},{"name":"Creation and Demonstration of Microbial Remediation Agent for Rhizosphere Regulation in Wheat on Saline\u2013Alkaline Soil","award":["K26LD069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K26LD069"]}]},{"name":"National College Student Innovation Training Program","award":["202510447005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510447005"]}]},{"name":"Liaocheng University College Student Innovation Training Program","award":["cxcy2026148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cxcy2026148"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Key R&D Plan (Agricultural Improved Breed Project) Project","award":["2025LZGC011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025LZGC011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinization constrains global wheat production, but how organic\u2013microbial amendments alleviate saline\u2013alkali stress across plant tissues remains poorly characterized. In a single-season field trial, we compared three treatments\u2014a non-saline control (CK), a saline\u2013alkali control (SCK), and an organic fertilizer combined with a microbial inoculant applied to saline\u2013alkali soil (SDM)\u2014to evaluate effects on soil properties, the rhizosphere microbiome structure, leaf antioxidant defense, and grain quality. SDM improved soil nutrient availability: available phosphorus and potassium increased by 96.0% and 51.8%, respectively, relative to SCK, and rhizosphere microbiome shifts favored copiotrophic taxa (Flavobacterium, Devosia, Mortierella) over halotolerant genera (Arthrobacter, Filobasidium). In leaves, SDM induced a controlled antioxidant activation\u2014peroxidase (POD) functioned as a key mediator of oxidative homeostasis, with activities exceeding CK yet remaining below extreme SCK levels\u2014producing the lowest malondialdehyde content (\u221248.4% vs. SCK). At moderate concentrations, reactive oxygen species participated in developmental signaling rather than causing pathological damage, enabling grain soluble sugars and total starch to be restored to CK levels. These results reveal a coordinated soil\u2013microbiome\u2013plant response in which organic\u2013microbial amendment enhances nutrient cycling, redirects community assembly toward nutrient-cycling functional guilds, and achieves oxidative homeostasis and grain quality restoration. Our findings offer a conceptual basis for the microbiome-informed management of saline\u2013alkali wheat production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15171467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1788142138000},"page":"1467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Organic Fertilizer Combined with Microbial Inoculant Alleviates Saline\u2013Alkali Stress in Wheat: A Multi-Tissue Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xingang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6680-8681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6319-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junkang","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"},{"name":"College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2024). 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